Myotonic Dystrophy

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/myotonic-dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy is part of a group of inherited disorders called muscular dystrophies. It is the most common form of muscular dystrophy that begins in adulthood.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Myotonic dystrophy is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. People with this disorder often have prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia) and are not able to relax certain muscles after use. For example, a person may have difficulty releasing their grip on a doorknob or handle. Also, affected people may have slurred speech or temporary locking of their jaw.

Other signs and symptoms of myotonic dystrophy include clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts) and abnormalities of the electrical signals that control the heartbeat (cardiac conduction defects). Some affected individuals develop a condition called diabetes mellitus, in which blood sugar levels can become dangerously high. The features of myotonic dystrophy often develop during a person's twenties or thirties, although they can occur at any age. The severity of the condition varies widely among affected people, even among members of the same family.

There are two major types of myotonic dystrophy: type 1 and type 2. Their signs and symptoms overlap, although type 2 tends to be milder than type 1. The muscle weakness associated with type 1 particularly affects muscles farthest from the center of the body (distal muscles), such as those of the lower legs, hands, neck, and face. Muscle weakness in type 2 primarily involves muscles close to the center of the body (proximal muscles), such as the those of the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. The two types of myotonic dystrophy are caused by mutations in different genes.

There are two variations of myotonic dystrophy type 1: the mild and congenital types. Mild myotonic dystrophy is apparent in mid to late adulthood. Affected individuals typically have mild myotonia and cataracts. Congenital myotonic dystrophy is often apparent at birth. Characteristic features include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), an inward- and upward-turning foot (clubfoot), breathing problems, delayed development, and intellectual disability. Some of these health problems can be life-threatening.

2. Frequency

Myotonic dystrophy affects at least 1 in 8,000 people worldwide. The prevalence of the two types of myotonic dystrophy varies among different geographic and ethnic populations. In most populations, type 1 appears to be more common than type 2. However, recent studies suggest that type 2 may be as common as type 1 among people in Germany and Finland.

3. Causes

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is caused by mutations in the DMPK gene, while type 2 results from mutations in the CNBP gene. The protein produced from the DMPK gene likely plays a role in communication within cells. It appears to be important for the correct functioning of cells in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles (which are used for movement). The protein produced from the CNBP gene is found primarily in the heart and in skeletal muscles, where it helps regulate the function of other genes.

Similar changes in the structure of the DMPK and CNBP genes cause myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2. In each case, a segment of DNA is abnormally repeated many times, forming an unstable region in the gene. The gene with the abnormal segment produces an unusually long messenger RNA, which is a molecular blueprint of the gene that guides the production of proteins. The unusually long messenger RNA forms clumps inside the cell that interfere with the production of many other proteins. These changes prevent muscle cells and cells in other tissues from functioning normally, which leads to the signs and symptoms of myotonic dystrophy. If these changes affect the DMPK gene, the result is myotonic dystrophy type 1, if the CNBP gene is affected, the result is myotonic dystrophy type 2.

4. Inheritance

Both types of myotonic dystrophy are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition.

As myotonic dystrophy is passed from one generation to the next, the disorder generally begins earlier in life and signs and symptoms become more severe. This phenomenon is called anticipation. The evidence for anticipation appears only in myotonic dystrophy type 1. In this form of the disorder, anticipation is caused by an increase in the length of the unstable region in the DMPK gene. A longer unstable region in the CNBP gene does not appear to influence the age of onset of myotonic dystrophy type 2.

5. Other Names for This Condition

dystrophia myotonica
myotonia atrophica
myotonia dystrophica

References

Bird TD. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. 1999 Sep 17 [updated 2020 Oct 29]. In:Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A,editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1165/
Day JW, Ricker K, Jacobsen JF, Rasmussen LJ, Dick KA, Kress W, Schneider C,Koch MC, Beilman GJ, Harrison AR, Dalton JC, Ranum LP. Myotonic dystrophy type 2:molecular, diagnostic and clinical spectrum. Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):657-64.
Ebralidze A, Wang Y, Petkova V, Ebralidse K, Junghans RP. RNA leaching oftranscription factors disrupts transcription in myotonic dystrophy. Science. 2004Jan 16;303(5656):383-7.
Liquori CL, Ricker K, Moseley ML, Jacobsen JF, Kress W, Naylor SL, Day JW,Ranum LP. Myotonic dystrophy type 2 caused by a CCTG expansion in intron 1 ofZNF9. Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):864-7.
Machuca-Tzili L, Brook D, Hilton-Jones D. Clinical and molecular aspects ofthe myotonic dystrophies: a review. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Jul;32(1):1-18. Review.
Meola G, Cardani R. Myotonic dystrophies: An update on clinical aspects,genetic, pathology, and molecular pathomechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015Apr;1852(4):594-606. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.019.
Ranum LP, Day JW. Myotonic dystrophy: RNA pathogenesis comes into focus. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 May;74(5):793-804.
Schoser B. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2. 2006 Sep 21 [updated 2020 Mar 19]. In:Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A,editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1466/
Thomas JD, Oliveira R, Sznajder ŁJ, Swanson MS. Myotonic Dystrophy andDevelopmental Regulation of RNA Processing. Compr Physiol. 2018 Mar25;8(2):509-553. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c170002. Review.
Udd B, Meola G, Krahe R, Thornton C, Ranum LP, Bassez G, Kress W, Schoser B,Moxley R. 140th ENMC International Workshop: Myotonic Dystrophy DM2/PROMM andother myotonic dystrophies with guidelines on management. Neuromuscul Disord.2006 Jun;16(6):403-13.
Wheeler TM, Thornton CA. Myotonic dystrophy: RNA-mediated muscle disease. CurrOpin Neurol. 2007 Oct;20(5):572-6. Review.

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Rita Xu

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Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The Genes Associated with Myotonic Dystrophy

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References