Glucose Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-phosphate-isomerase-deficiency

Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People with GPI have a condition known as chronic hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are broken down (undergo hemolysis) prematurely, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Chronic hemolytic anemia can lead to unusually pale skin (pallor), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), extreme tiredness (fatigue), shortness of breath (dyspnea), and a rapid heart rate (tachycardia). An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), an excess of iron in the blood, and small pebble-like deposits in the gallbladder or bile ducts (gallstones) may also occur in this disorder.

Hemolytic anemia in GPI deficiency can range from mild to severe. In the most severe cases, affected individuals do not survive to birth. Individuals with milder disease can survive into adulthood. People with any level of severity of the disorder can have episodes of more severe hemolysis, called hemolytic crises, which can be triggered by bacterial or viral infections.

A small percentage of individuals with GPI deficiency also have neurological problems, including intellectual disability and difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia).

2. Frequency

GPI deficiency is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia; its prevalence is unknown. About 50 cases have been described in the medical literature.

3. Causes

GPI deficiency is caused by mutations in the GPI gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI). This enzyme has two distinct functions based on its structure. When two GPI molecules form a complex (a homodimer), the enzyme plays a role in a critical energy-producing process known as glycolysis, also called the glycolytic pathway. During glycolysis, the simple sugar glucose is broken down to produce energy. Specifically, GPI is involved in the second step of the glycolytic pathway; in this step, a molecule called glucose-6-phosphate is converted to another molecule called fructose-6-phosphate.

When GPI remains a single molecule (a monomer) it is involved in the development and maintenance of nerve cells (neurons). In this context, it is often known as neuroleukin (NLK).

Some GPI gene mutations may result in a less stable homodimer, impairing the activity of the enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. The resulting imbalance of molecules involved in the glycolytic pathway eventually impairs the ability of red blood cells to maintain their structure, leading to hemolysis.

Other GPI gene mutations may cause the monomer to break down more easily, thereby interfering with its function in nerve cells. In addition, the shortage of monomers hinders homodimer formation, which impairs the glycolytic pathway. These mutations have been identified in individuals with GPI deficiency who have both hemolytic anemia and neurological problems.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency
glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency
GPI deficiency
nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia due to glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency

References

Baronciani L, Zanella A, Bianchi P, Zappa M, Alfinito F, Iolascon A, TannoiaN, Beutler E, Sirchia G. Study of the molecular defects in glucose phosphateisomerase-deficient patients affected by chronic hemolytic anemia. Blood. 1996Sep 15;88(6):2306-10.
Beutler E, West C, Britton HA, Harris J, Forman L. Glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency mutations associated with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolyticanemia (HNSHA). Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1997 Dec;23(3):402-9.
Fujii H, Kanno H, Hirono A, Miwa S. Hematologically important mutations:molecular abnormalities of glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Blood CellsMol Dis. 1996;22(2):96-7. Review.
Kanno H, Fujii H, Hirono A, Ishida Y, Ohga S, Fukumoto Y, Matsuzawa K, OgawaS, Miwa S. Molecular analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase deficiencyassociated with hereditary hemolytic anemia. Blood. 1996 Sep 15;88(6):2321-5.
Kugler W, Breme K, Laspe P, Muirhead H, Davies C, Winkler H, Schröter W,Lakomek M. Molecular basis of neurological dysfunction coupled with haemolyticanaemia in human glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency. Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;103(4):450-4.
Lakomek M, Winkler H. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase- and glucose phosphateisomerase deficiency: perturbation of glycolysis by structural defects andfunctional alterations of defective enzymes and its relation to the clinicalseverity of chronic hemolytic anemia. Biophys Chem. 1997 Jun 30;66(2-3):269-84.
Repiso A, Oliva B, Vives-Corrons JL, Beutler E, Carreras J, Climent F. Redcell glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI): a molecular study of three novelmutations associated with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Hum Mutat. 2006 Nov;27(11):1159.
Warang P, Kedar P, Ghosh K, Colah RB. Hereditary non-spherocytic hemolyticanemia and severe glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency in an Indian patienthomozygous for the L487F mutation in the human GPI gene. Int J Hematol. 2012Aug;96(2):263-7. doi: 10.1007/s12185-012-1122-x.
Xu W, Beutler E. The characterization of gene mutations for human glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency associated with chronic hemolytic anemia. J ClinInvest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2326-9.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The gene associated with Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References