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Guo, L. MID1 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3764 (accessed on 25 April 2024).
Guo L. MID1 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3764. Accessed April 25, 2024.
Guo, Lily. "MID1 Gene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3764 (accessed April 25, 2024).
Guo, L. (2020, December 22). MID1 Gene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3764
Guo, Lily. "MID1 Gene." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 December, 2020.
MID1 Gene
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mid1

midline 1

genes

1. Introduction

The MID1 gene is part of a group of genes called the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. Proteins produced from this large family of genes are involved in many cellular activities. Primarily, TRIM proteins play a role in the cell machinery that recycles unwanted proteins by tagging them with a protein called ubiquitin. Ubiquitin serves as a signal to move these unwanted proteins into specialized structures known as proteasomes, where the proteins are recycled.

The MID1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called midline-1. This protein attaches (binds) to microtubules, which are rigid, hollow fibers that make up the cell's structural framework (the cytoskeleton). Microtubules help cells maintain their shape, assist in the process of cell division, and are essential for the movement of cells (cell migration). Midline-1 is responsible for recycling certain proteins, including protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), integrin alpha-4 (ITGA4), and serine/threonine-protein kinase 36 (STK36). The recycling of these three proteins so they can be reused instead of broken down is essential because they are necessary for normal cellular functioning.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Opitz G/BBB syndrome

About 90 mutations in the MID1 gene have been found to cause Opitz G/BBB syndrome. This condition causes several abnormalities along the midline of the body, including widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism), difficulty breathing or swallowing, brain malformations, distinct facial features, and genital abnormalities in males. The majority of the MID1 gene mutations change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the midline-1 protein. Other mutations delete multiple amino acids and can result in the production of an abnormally short protein. These mutations lead to a decrease in midline-1 function, which prevents protein recycling. As a result, certain proteins are not recycled, and they accumulate in cells. This buildup impairs microtubule function, resulting in problems with cell division and migration. Researchers speculate that the altered midline-1 protein affects how the cells divide and migrate along the midline of the body during development, resulting in the features of Opitz G/BBB syndrome.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • BBBG1
  • FXY
  • GBBB1
  • midline 1 (Opitz/BBB syndrome)
  • midline 1 ring finger
  • midline-1
  • OGS1
  • OS
  • OSX
  • RNF59
  • TRI18_HUMAN
  • TRIM18
  • XPRF
  • zinc finger X and Y

References

  1. De Falco F, Cainarca S, Andolfi G, Ferrentino R, Berti C, Rodríguez Criado G, Rittinger O, Dennis N, Odent S, Rastogi A, Liebelt J, Chitayat D, Winter R,Jawanda H, Ballabio A, Franco B, Meroni G. X-linked Opitz syndrome: novelmutations in the MID1 gene and redefinition of the clinical spectrum. Am J MedGenet A. 2003 Jul 15;120A(2):222-8. Review.
  2. Du H, Huang Y, Zaghlula M, Walters E, Cox TC, Massiah MA. The MID1 E3 ligasecatalyzes the polyubiquitination of Alpha4 (α4), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A): novel insights into MID1-mediated regulation of PP2A. JBiol Chem. 2013 Jul 19;288(29):21341-50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.481093.
  3. Du H, Wu K, Didoronkute A, Levy MV, Todi N, Shchelokova A, Massiah MA. MID1catalyzes the ubiquitination of protein phosphatase 2A and mutations within itsBbox1 domain disrupt polyubiquitination of alpha4 but not of PP2Ac. PLoS One.2014 Sep 10;9(9):e107428. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107428.
  4. Ferrentino R, Bassi MT, Chitayat D, Tabolacci E, Meroni G. MID1 mutationscreening in a large cohort of Opitz G/BBB syndrome patients: twenty-nine novelmutations identified. Hum Mutat. 2007 Feb;28(2):206-7.
  5. Fontanella B, Russolillo G, Meroni G. MID1 mutations in patients with X-linkedOpitz G/BBB syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2008 May;29(5):584-94. doi: 10.1002/humu.20706.
  6. Han X, Du H, Massiah MA. Detection and characterization of the in vitro e3ligase activity of the human MID1 protein. J Mol Biol. 2011 Apr 8;407(4):505-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.048.
  7. Liu J, Prickett TD, Elliott E, Meroni G, Brautigan DL. Phosphorylation andmicrotubule association of the Opitz syndrome protein mid-1 is regulated byprotein phosphatase 2A via binding to the regulatory subunit alpha 4. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 5;98(12):6650-5.
  8. Mnayer L, Khuri S, Merheby HA, Meroni G, Elsas LJ. A structure-function study of MID1 mutations associated with a mild Opitz phenotype. Mol Genet Metab. 2006Mar;87(3):198-203.
  9. Quaderi NA, Schweiger S, Gaudenz K, Franco B, Rugarli EI, Berger W, FeldmanGJ, Volta M, Andolfi G, Gilgenkrantz S, Marion RW, Hennekam RC, Opitz JM, Muenke M, Ropers HH, Ballabio A. Opitz G/BBB syndrome, a defect of midline development, is due to mutations in a new RING finger gene on Xp22. Nat Genet. 1997Nov;17(3):285-91.
  10. Schweiger S, Schneider R. The MID1/PP2A complex: a key to the pathogenesis of Opitz BBB/G syndrome. Bioessays. 2003 Apr;25(4):356-66. Review.
  11. Trockenbacher A, Suckow V, Foerster J, Winter J, Krauss S, Ropers HH,Schneider R, Schweiger S. MID1, mutated in Opitz syndrome, encodes an ubiquitinligase that targets phosphatase 2A for degradation. Nat Genet. 2001Nov;29(3):287-94. Erratum in: Nat Genet 2002 Jan;30(1):123.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Lily Guo
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 22 Dec 2020
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