1. Introduction

The remarkable progress in data communication has had a radical influence on wireless networks. Predictably, the quantity of wireless devices has continued to rise at an enormous rate ^[1]. Shortly, an even more mobile and connected society will emerge, defined by massive increases in connection, traffic volume, and a far larger range of usage scenarios. The amount of traffic will increase dramatically. Between 2010 and 2030, worldwide data traffic is expected to rise by more than 20,000 times. Though smart phones are anticipated to tend to be the most popular personal devices, the number of other types of devices, such as wearables and smart devices, is expected to rise. Consequently, the fifth-generation (5G) cellular communications system should be broadly introduced to satisfy the continuously evolving demands that prior generations of systems were unable to meet ^[2].

Furthermore, an entire mobile-based linked environment is anticipated, characterized by a greater amount of traffic, a much wider span of running consequences, and an amazing volume of expansion in connectivity ^[3]. This extraordinary heightening of traffic suggests that mobile networks will have to deliver approximately a thousand times the spectral effectiveness of the current decade ’s existing structure ^[4]. Furthermore, a spectrum efficiency (SE) enhancement of 5 ≅ 15 times was related to mobile networks of the fourth generation (4G) ^[5].

Hence, mobile network operators (MNOs) are projected to encounter tough environments to elevate the performance of the network. Furthermore, cutting-edge applications have various service prerequisites with regard to energy consumption and latency ^[6]. For the past decade, scholars in the domain have been mainly concerned with pioneering state-of-the-art solutions, along with messy ideas and technologies, all to stay steps or even leaps ahead of the existing cellular systems and their identified drawbacks ^[5]. IoT is projected to empower an environment that will enhance numerous aspects of normal everyday life, as well as providing professional applications that will play a role in increasing the world economy once it achieves the critical mass that comes from being applied to a wide variety applications ^[7].

Ref. ^[8] asserts that as the range devices continues to expand enormously, along with the service categories, a user’s or client’s demand for excellence also increases. The ever-growing volume of network data traffic has become a serious problem. Hence, network traffic handling, mostly in the future 5G cellular dissimilar networks ^[9][10] and ultra-dense networks (UDNs) ^[11][12], is likely to be a precarious problem due to the important pressure imposed on wireless communication networks by the traffic caused by the rising volume of large amounts of data.