Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Tobacco smoking has been a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Smoking is a chronic relapsing disease and pharmacotherapy is a main component of smoking cessation. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and smoking both increase the risk of CVD and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are few existing data examining how pharmacological treatment, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, and varenicline, affect smokers suffering with OSA and especially their cardiovascular effects.
  • 211
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Influencing Thrombosis
The leading causes of death in people with diabetes are strokes and cardiovascular disease. Significant morbidity is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, resulting in myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, along with the sequelae of these events, including loss of functional ability, heart failure, and amputations. While the increased platelet activity, pro-coagulability, and endothelial dysfunction directly impact this risk, the molecular mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk remain unclear.
  • 128
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing disorder affecting thousands of people worldwide, especially in industrialised countries, increasing mortality. Oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, dysbiosis, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension are important factors linked to MS clusters of different pathologies, such as diabesity, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. All biochemical changes observed in MS, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, immune response, endothelial cell function and intestinal microbiota, promote pathological bridges between metabolic syndrome, diabesity and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. 
  • 118
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers of Ischemic Stroke
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer membrane particles released from all living cells into the extracellular environment. They carry several molecules and have a critical role in cell–cell communication under physiological and pathological conditions. Ischemic stroke due to cerebral vascular occlusion is the most common form, while hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral bleeding accounts for about 12% of cases.
  • 138
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease both of the valve and the myocardium, characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valve leaflets, progressive LV hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. AS represents not only a valvular disease but a whole heart disease, often in patients with comorbidities.
  • 151
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) not less than 50%. HFpEF accounts for more than 50% of all HF patients, and its prevalence is increasing year to year with the aging population, with its prognosis worsening.
  • 199
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Membrane Damage and Repair
Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions.
  • 157
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation.
  • 181
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Amino-Peptidase 3 (DPP3) in Cardiogenic Shock
Dipeptidyl amino-peptidase 3 (DPP3) is an aminopeptidase that is released into circulation upon cell death. DPP3 is involved in the degradation of angiotensins, enkephalines, and endomorphines. It has been shown that circulating DPP3 (cDPP3) plasma concentration increases in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients and correlates with high mortality risk. Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening syndrome associated with organ hypoperfusion. One of the common causes of CS is acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • 116
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hypertensive Heart Failure
Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide, which largely surpasses other important factors of mortality such as smoking and metabolic diseases. HTN is the most important risk factor for heart failure (HF) development, with recent evidence indicating that HTN is present in 76% of incident HF cases, and the lifetime risk of HF is almost twice as high in people with HTN as in those with normal blood pressure (BP).
  • 112
  • 09 Nov 2023
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