Summary

HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

Expand All
Entries
Topic Review
Supergiant Star
Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars. Supergiant stars occupy the top region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram with absolute visual magnitudes between about −3 and −8. The temperature range of supergiant stars spans from about 3,400 K to over 20,000 K.
  • 4.9K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GM H Platform (1986)
The H platform, or H-body designates a General Motors front-wheel-drive full-sized automobile platform beginning in 1986. It is related to the C, G and K platforms. Many H-bodies used GM's Buick 3800 V6, and supercharged versions of this engine were available from 1991 to 1999. They originally came in both 2-door and 4-door versions, but the four-door sedans were dramatically more popular, and two-door models were dropped by 1992. Previously, the H platform designation was used for unrelated rear-wheel-drive compact cars. According to one source, the H-body sedans were the next "big thing" for GM, and development cost more than $3 billion, which is on par with roughly how much Ford invested in the Ford Taurus. Both the H-body sedans and the Taurus (based on the D186 platform) were launched fully in 1986. Starting in 2000, all H-body vehicles moved to the G platform, however GM continued to call it the H platform. Most H-body cars had Buick's 3.8 liter (231 cubic-inch) V6 engine standard.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bilirubin Glucuronide
Bilirubin glucuronide is a water-soluble reaction intermediate over the process of conjugation of indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin glucuronide itself belongs to the category of conjugated bilirubin along with bilirubin di-glucuronide. However, only the latter one is primarily excreted into the bile in the normal setting. Upon macrophages spot and phagocytize the effete Red Blood Corpuscles containing hemoglobin, unconjugated bilirubin is discharged from macrophages into the blood plasma. Most often, the free and water-insoluble unconjugated bilirubin which has an internal hydrodren bonding will bind to albumin and, to a much lesser extent, high density lipoprotein in order to decrease its hydrophobicity and to limit the probability of unnecessary contact with other tissues and keep bilirubin in the vascular space from traversing to extravascular space including brain, and from ending up increasing glomerular filtration. Nevertheless, there is still a little portion of indirect bilirubins stays free-of-bound. Free unconjugated bilirubin can poison the cerebrum. Finally, albumin leads the indirect bilirubin to the liver. In the liver sinusoid, albumin disassociates with the indirect bilirubin and returns to the circulation while the hepatocyte transfers the indirect bilirubin to ligandin and glucuronide conjugates the indirect bilirubin in the endoplasmic reticulum by disrupting unconjugated bilirubin's internal hydrogen bonding, which is the thing that makes indirect bilirubin having the property of eternal half-elimination life and insoluble in water, and by attaching two molecules of glucuronic acid to it in a two step process. The reaction is a transfer of two glucuronic acid groups including UDP glucuronic acid sequentially to the propionic acid groups of the bilirubin, primarily catalyzed by UGT1A1. In greater detail about this reaction, a glucuronosyl moiety is conjugated to one of the propionic acid side chains, located on the C8 and C12 carbons of the two central pyrrole rings of bilirubin. When the first step is completely done, the substrate bilirubin glucuronide (also known as mono-glucuronide) is born at this stage and is water-soluble and readily excreted in bile. Thereafter, so long as the second step of attachment of the other glucuronic acid to it succeeds (officially called "re-glucuronidated"), the substrate bilirubin glucuronide will turn into bilirubin di-glucuronide (8,12-diglucuronide) and be excreted into bile canaliculi by way of C-MOAT[note 1] and MRP2 as normal human bile along with a little amount of unconjugated bilirubin as much as only 1 to 4 percent of total pigments in normal bile. That means up to 96%-99% of bilirubin in the bile are conjugated. Normally, there is just a little conjugated bilirubin escapes into the general circulation. Nonetheless, in the setting of severe liver disease, a significantly greater number of conjugated bilirubin will leak into circulation and then dissolve into the blood[note 2] and thereby filtered by the kidney, and only a part of the leaked conjugated bilirubin will be re-absorbed in the renal tubules, the remainder will be present in the urine making it dark-colored.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
The Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (ACMRS) was established in 1981 by the Arizona Board of Regents as a state-wide, tri-university research unit that bridges the intellectual communities at Arizona State University, Northern Arizona University, and the University of Arizona. Located centrally on the campus of Arizona State University, ACMRS is charged with coordinating and stimulating interdisciplinary research about medieval and early modern literature and culture. Its mission is to enable and promote the most expansive, creative, and daring scholarship in medieval and renaissance studies. ACMRS fosters a vibrant intellectual community for the faculty at the three universities, but also by publishes forward-looking, vanguard research through their in-house press. ACMRS promotes work that is historically grounded and theoretically expansive, with the aim of advancing dialogues that reach into the present moment and point us to different, more inclusive, futures. Moreover, ACMRS develops projects that explore complex topics in an accessible manner so as to reach as wide an audience as possible. In keeping with the ASU charter, ACMRS believes that success in realizing this vision for premodern scholarship should be judged not by whom we exclude, but whom we include, and how they succeed.
  • 929
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ara (Genus)
Ara is a neotropical genus of macaws with eight extant species and at least two extinct species. The genus name was coined by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. It gives its name to and is part of the Arini, or tribe of neotropical parrots. The genus name Ara is derived from the Tupi word ará, an onomatopoeia of the sound a macaw makes. The Ara macaws are large striking parrots with long tails, long narrow wings and vividly coloured plumage. They all have a characteristic bare face patch around the eyes. Males and females have similar plumage. Many of its members are popular in the pet trade, and bird smuggling is a threat to several species.
  • 2.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Moe
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe" — which can be spelled a number of ways — is a children's counting rhyme, used to select a person in games such as tag. It is one of a large group of similar rhymes in which the child who is pointed to by the chanter on the last syllable is either "chosen" or "counted out". The rhyme has existed in various forms since well before 1820, and is common in many languages with similar-sounding nonsense syllables. Since many similar counting rhymes existed earlier, it is difficult to ascertain this rhyme's exact original.
  • 25.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AutoPatcher
AutoPatcher is an offline updater and alternative to Microsoft Update that can be used for installing software patches, service packs and other updates for certain Microsoft Windows systems. It allows these to be downloaded on a different machine or in advance, and then installed without an internet connection. By doing this, system updates can be automated and scripted, time and bandwidth required to download relevant updates is reduced, and exposure of unsecured systems online can be avoided. AutoPatcher also allows installation of some common additional software, registry settings, and patches for other Microsoft software, notably Microsoft Office. AutoPatcher currently exists for Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 and some server equivalents (Windows 2003 and 2008). For some years it did not provide support for Windows 7 or older systems, nor for some 64 bit operating systems; updates are now possible for some of these in the 2014 version of Autopatcher. Originally software patches were distributed with AutoPatcher but, following legal complaints the software was modified in 2007. It now downloads all patches to a local hard drive from Microsoft's servers (ensuring the files are original and unmodified) and then allows their offline use as before.
  • 619
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Committee on Climate Change
The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) is an independent non-departmental public body, formed under the Climate Change Act (2008) to advise the United Kingdom and devolved Governments and Parliaments on tackling and preparing for climate change. The Committee provides advice on setting carbon budgets (for the UK Government carbon budgets are designed to place a limit or ceiling on the level of economy-wide emissions that can be emitted in a five-year period), and reports regularly to the Parliaments and Assemblies on the progress made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The CCC has recommended net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom by 2050 and the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) has said it would be affordable. On 27 June 2019 the British Parliament amended the Climate Change Act (2008) to include a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050. However some environmental groups, such as Extinction Rebellion, are calling for a more ambitious target.
  • 796
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Multiphysics
Multiphysics is defined as the coupled processes or systems involving more than one simultaneously occurring physical field and the studies of and knowledge about these processes and systems. As an interdisciplinary study area, multiphysics spans over many science and engineering disciplines. Multiphysics is a practice built on mathematics, physics, application, and numerical analysis. The mathematics involved usually contains partial differential equations and tensor analysis. The physics refers to common types of physical processes, e.g., heat transfer (thermo-), pore water movement (hydro-), concentration field (concentro or diffuso/convecto/advecto), stress and strain (mechano-), dynamics (dyno-), chemical reactions (chemo- or chemico-), electrostatics (electro-), neutronics (neutro-), and magnetostatics (magneto-).
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
LightScribe
LightScribe is an optical disc recording technology that was created by the Hewlett-Packard Company. It uses specially coated recordable CD and DVD media to produce laser-etched labels with text or graphics, as opposed to stick-on labels and printable discs. Although HP is no longer developing the technology, it is still maintained and supported by a number of independent enthusiasts. The LightScribe method uses the laser in a way similar to when plain data are written to the disc; a greyscale image of the label is etched (physically burned) onto the upper side of the disc using a laser. In the beginning, the discs were available only in a sepia color but later became available in many monochromatic colors. The purpose of LightScribe is to allow users to create direct-to-disc labels (as opposed to stick-on labels), using their optical disc writer. Special discs and a compatible disc writer are required. Before or after burning data to the read-side of the disc, the user turns the disc over and inserts it with the label side down. The drive's laser then burns the label side in such a way that an image is produced. (see Thermal printing; LightScribe uses a laser instead of a thermal printing head)
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 863

Other Entry Collections

>>