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HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

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Hippocampal Memory Encoding and Retrieval
The hippocampus participates in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories. The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe (subcortical), and is an infolding of the medial temporal cortex. The hippocampus plays an important role in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory during encoding and retrieval stages. These stages do not need to occur successively, but are, as studies seem to indicate, and they are broadly divided in the neuronal mechanisms that they require or even in the hippocampal areas that they seem to activate. According to Gazzaniga, "encoding is the processing of incoming information that creates memory traces to be stored." There are two steps to the encoding process: "acquisition" and "consolidation". During the acquisition process, stimuli are committed to the short term memory stage. Then, consolidation is where the hippocampus along with other cortical structures stabilize an object within the long term memory stage, a process strengthening over time and time again, and is a process for from whom a number of theories have arisen to explain to as of why and how it actually works. After encoding, the hippocampus is capable of going through the retrieval process. The retrieval process consists of accessing stored information; this allows learned behaviors to experience conscious depiction and execution. Encoding and retrieval are both affected by neurodegenerative and anxiety disorders and epilepsy.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Data Visualization
Data visualization (often abbreviated data viz) is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the graphic representation of data. It is a particularly efficient way of communicating when the data is numerous as for example a time series. From an academic point of view, this representation can be considered as a mapping between the original data (usually numerical) and graphic elements (for example, lines or points in a chart). The mapping determines how the attributes of these elements vary according to the data. In this light, a bar chart is a mapping of the length of a bar to a magnitude of a variable. Since the graphic design of the mapping can adversely affect the readability of a chart, mapping is a core competency of Data visualization. Data visualization has its roots in the field of statistics and is therefore generally considered a branch of descriptive Statistics. However, because both design skills and statistical and computing skills are required to visualize effectively, it is argued by authors such as Gershon and Page that it is both an art and a science. Research into how people read and misread various types of visualizations is helping to determine what types and features of visualizations are most understandable and effective in conveying information.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sparganosis
Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the plerocercoid larvae of the genus Spirometra including S. mansoni, S. ranarum, S. mansonoides and S. erinacei. It was first described by Patrick Manson from China in 1882, and the first human case was reported by Charles Wardell Stiles from Florida in 1908. The infection is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water, ingestion of a second intermediate host such as a frog or snake, or contact between a second intermediate host and an open wound or mucous membrane. Humans are the accidental hosts in the life cycle, while dogs, cats, and other mammals are definitive hosts. Copepods (freshwater crustaceans) are the first intermediate hosts, and various amphibians and reptiles are second intermediate hosts. Once a human becomes infected, the plerocercoid larvae migrate to a subcutaneous location, where they typically develop into a painful nodule. Migration to the brain results in cerebral sparganosis, while migration to the eyes results in ocular sparganosis. Sparganosis is most prevalent in Eastern Asia, although cases have been described in countries throughout the world. In total, approximately 300 cases have been described in the literature up to 2003. Diagnosis is typically not made until the sparganum larva has been surgically removed. Praziquantel is the drug of choice, although its efficacy is unknown and surgical removal of the sparganum is generally the best treatment. Public health interventions should focus on water and dietary sanitation, as well as education about the disease in rural areas and discouragement of the use of poultices.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IBM ZEnterprise System
IBM zEnterprise System is an IBM mainframe designed to offer both mainframe and distributed server technologies in an integrated system. The zEnterprise System consists of three components. First is a System z server – a choice of the newest enterprise class server, the IBM zEnterprise EC12 that was announced August 28, 2012, the smaller business class server the IBM zEnterprise 114 (z114) announced July 2011, or the older enterprise-class server the IBM zEnterprise 196 (z196) that was introduced July 2010. Second is the IBM zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX), the infrastructure designed to provide logical integration and host IBM WebSphere DataPower Integrated Appliance XI50 for zEnterprise (DataPower XI50z) or general purpose x86 or Power ISA blades. Last is the management layer, IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager), which provides a single management view of zEnterprise resources. In July 2013, IBM introduced an updated version of the z114 called the zBC12 and a special version of it designed to be a Linux virtualization server, the zBC12 Enterprise Linux Server running only Linux hosts on the underlying z/VM hypervisor. In January 2015, IBM introduced the z13 mainframe and in February 2016, the z13s was introduced. It is the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode. In July 2017, IBM introduced the z14 mainframe. In April 2018, IBM introduced the z14 ZR1 mainframe. In September 2019, IBM introduced the z15 mainframe.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center
IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center (TPC) is a Storage Resource Management (SRM) software offering that provides a centralized point of control for managing large-scale, complex heterogeneous storage environments. IBM Tivoli Storage Productivity Center V5.2.x (5608-PC1) was renamed in V5.2.8 to IBM Spectrum Control Standard Edition V5.2.x (5608-PC1).
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals I (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter I. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 2.8K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
VocaLink
Vocalink is a payment systems company headquartered in the United Kingdom , created in 2007 from the merger between Voca and LINK. It designs, builds and operates the UK payments infrastructure, which underpins the provision of the Bacs payment system, the Direct Debit system, the UK ATM LINK switching platform covering 65,000 ATMs and the UK Faster Payments systems. Vocalink processes over 90% of UK salaries, more than 70% of household bills and 98% of state benefits. In 2013 the company processed over 10.5 billion UK payments with a value of over £5 trillion. In July 2016 MasterCard purchased a 92% stake in the company, with the remainder to be held by UK banks for a period of three years.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Task Allocation and Partitioning of Social Insects
Task allocation and partitioning is the way that tasks are chosen, assigned, subdivided, and coordinated within a colony of social insects. Task allocation and partitioning gives rise to the division of labor often observed in social insect colonies, whereby individuals specialize on different tasks within the colony (e.g., "foragers", "nurses"). Communication is closely related to the ability to allocate tasks among individuals within a group. This entry focuses exclusively on social insects. For information on human task allocation and partitioning, see division of labour, task analysis, and workflow.
  • 545
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Acer Aspire Laptops
Acer Aspire (stylized as Λspire or ΛSPIRE) is a series of personal computers by Acer Inc. aimed at the casual household user or for small business use. The Aspire series covers both desktop computers and laptops. Acer developed the series in order to cover from essentials to high performances. Many of the Aspire laptops, such as model 8920G, have built in Blu-ray drives, 5.1 audio outputs and transflective displays. Acer was the first to include these drives in laptops. Most Aspire laptops have water-resistant screens, such as the 1410 and the 5741 Z. In 2007, Acer introduced the Gemstone series that marked a milestone in the Acer Aspire line. As with many Windows laptops, different models may have different specification in different parts of the world.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Time Stretch Analog-to-digital Converter
The time-stretch analog-to-digital converter (TS-ADC), also known as the time stretch enhanced recorder (TiSER), is an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system that has the capability of digitizing very high bandwidth signals that cannot be captured by conventional electronic ADCs. Alternatively, it is also known as the photonic time stretch (PTS) digitizer, since it uses an optical frontend. It relies on the process of time-stretch, which effectively slows down the analog signal in time (or compresses its bandwidth) before it can be digitized by a slow electronic ADC.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
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