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HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

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AI-Control Problem
In artificial intelligence (AI) and philosophy, the AI-control problem is the hypothetical puzzle of how to build a superintelligent agent that will aid its creators, and avoid inadvertently building a superintelligence that will harm its creators. Its study is motivated by the claim that the human race will have to get the control problem right "the first time", as a misprogrammed superintelligence might rationally decide to "take over the world" and refuse to permit its programmers to modify it after launch. In addition, some scholars argue that solutions to the control problem, alongside other advances in "AI safety engineering", might also find applications in existing non-superintelligent AI. Potential strategies include "capability control" (preventing an AI from being able to pursue harmful plans), and "motivational control" (building an AI that wants to be helpful).
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Proto-Samic
Proto-Sami is the hypothetical, reconstructed common ancestor of the Sami languages. It is a descendant of the Proto-Uralic language.
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DAvE (Infineon)
DAVE (Infineon) Digital Application Virtual Engineer (DAVE), is a C/C++-language software development and code generation tool for microcontroller applications. DAVE is a standalone system with automatic code generation modules. It is suited for the development of software drivers for Infineon microcontrollers and aids the developer with automatically created C-level templates and user desired functionalities. Latest releases of DAVE include all required parts to develop code, compile and debug on the target for free (based on the ARM GCC toolsuite). Together with several low-cost development boards one can get involved in microcontroller design very easy. This makes Infineon microcontroller products also more usable to small companies and to home-use / DIY projects - similar to established products of Atmel (AVR, SAM) and Microchip (PIC, PIC32) to name a few. DAVE was developed by Infineon Technologies. Therefore, the automatic code generator supports only Infineon microcontrollers. The user also has to get used to the concept of the Eclipse IDE. The generated code can be also used on other (often non-free) development environments from Keil, Tasking and so on.
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ASTER (Spacecraft)
ASTER is a planned space mission under development by the Brazilian Space Agency that will launch a spacecraft to orbit a near-Earth object known as (153591) 2001 SN263, a triple asteroid system. The launch is scheduled for 2025, with a rendezvous in 2024/2027. According to de Brum et al. 2021, the launch is planned for June 2022 (asteroid arrival in December 2024) or June 2025 (arrival September 2027).
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
No to Police State
"No to police state" campaign - Ukraine civil campaign against police brutality caused by the death of 20 years old student Igor Indylo in police precinct of Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv. This campaign demanded to conduct proper investigation of the death of Indylo, to punish men guilty in his death and other high-profile cases.
  • 546
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radical
In chemistry, a free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes. A notable example of a radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO·), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (꞉CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. Radicals may be generated in a number of ways, but typical methods involve redox reactions. Ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, and electrolysis are known to produce radicals. Radicals are intermediates in many chemical reactions, more so than is apparent from the balanced equations. Radicals are important in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. A majority of natural products are generated by radical-generating enzymes. In living organisms, the radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anatta
In Buddhism, the term anattā (Pali) or anātman (Sanskrit) refers to the doctrine of "non-self", that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena. It is one of the seven beneficial perceptions in Buddhism, and one of the three marks of existence along with dukkha (suffering) and anicca (impermanence). The Buddhist concept of anatta or anatman is one of the fundamental differences between Buddhism and Hinduism, with the latter asserting that atman (self, soul) exists.
  • 12.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Occupational Burnout
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), occupational burnout is a syndrome resulting from chronic work-related stress, with symptoms characterized by "feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced professional efficacy". While burnout may influence health and can be a reason for people contacting health services, it is not itself classified by the WHO as a medical condition or mental disorder. WHO additional states that "Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in the occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life."
  • 3.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Robbert Dijkgraaf
Robertus Henricus "Robbert" Dijkgraaf FRSE (born 24 January 1960) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and string theorist. He is the director and Leon Levy professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey,[1] and a tenured professor at the University of Amsterdam. Robertus Henricus Dijkgraaf was born on 24 January 1960 in Ridderkerk, Netherlands.[2] Dijkgraaf attended the E
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  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anglophone Problem (Cameroon)
The Anglophone Problem, as it is commonly referred to in Cameroon, is a socio-political issue rooted in Cameroon's colonial legacies from the Germans, British, and the French. The issue classically and principally opposes many Cameroonians from the Northwest and Southwest regions, many of whom consider themselves anglophones, to the Cameroon government. This is based on the fact that these two regions (formally British Southern Cameroons) were controlled by Britain as a mandated and trust territory of the League of Nations and the United Nations respectively."
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  • 15 Nov 2022
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