Summary

High potency, specificity and a good safety profile are the main strengths of bioactive peptides as new and promising therapies that may fill the gap between small molecules and protein drugs. These positive attributes of peptides, along with advances in drug delivery technologies, have contributed to a renewed interest in the discovery, optimization and development of peptides as pharmacological therapy. The entry collection aims to cover all aspects of peptide research in relation to health promotion.

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Entries
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 13 and 18 Evaluation
Autosomal aneuploidies are the most frequently occurring congenital abnormalities and are related to many metabolic disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Trisomies are generated by an error of chromosomal segregation during cell division. Accumulating evidence has shown that deregulated gene expression resulting from the triplication of chromosomes 13 and 18 is associated with many disturbed cellular processes. Moreover, a disturbed oxidative stress status may be implicated in the occurrence of fetal malformations.
  • 729
  • 05 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Peptide Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors
Elastases are a broad group of enzymes involved in the lysis of elastin, the main component of elastic fibres. They are produced and released in the human body, mainly by neutrophils and the pancreas.
  • 738
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cytokine Receptors Involved in Antimycobacterial Immune Response
Cytokine receptors are membrane-bound or soluble glycoproteins that serve as cytokine docking sites and inductors of a signaling cascade inside the cells. They are involved in the initiation of intracellular signaling that regulates a diverse range of biological functions including metabolism control, neural stem cell activation, inflammatory responses as well as blood cell and immune cell development and growth. The classification of cytokine receptor families is based on the structural homology of the extracellular cytokine binding domains and common intracellular signaling mechanisms. The main families include type I cytokine receptors, type II cytokine receptors, chemokine receptors, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor family, the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, and the interleukin (IL)-17 receptor family.
  • 774
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cell Penetrating Peptides for Gene Therapy
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), first identified ~25 years ago, are small, 6–30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular membranes in an intact, functional form. Since their initial description and characterization, the field of cell penetrating peptides as vectors has exploded. The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, liposomes, nanoparticles, and viral particles as well as radioisotopes and other fluorescent probes for imaging purposes.
  • 715
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Protein–Polysaccharide Complexes (Conjugates) as Delivery Systems
Due to their combination of featured properties, protein and polysaccharide-based carriers show promising potential in food bioactive ingredient encapsulation, protection, and delivery. The common types of protein–polysaccharide complex/conjugate-based bioactive ingredient delivery systems include emulsion (conventional emulsion, nanoemulsion, multiple emulsion, multilayered emulsion, and Pickering emulsion), microcapsule, hydrogel, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. This entry highlights the applications of protein–polysaccharide-based delivery vehicles in common bioactive ingredients including polyphenols, food proteins, bioactive peptides, carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. The loaded food bioactive ingredients exhibited enhanced physicochemical stability, bioaccessibility, and sustained release in simulated gastrointestinal digestion. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Medicine
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) belong to a group of gastrointestinal hormones called incretins. Insulin released from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans after ingestion of food is the major regulator of GIP and GLP-1 secretion.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Exogenous Bioactive Peptides and Aging in Rodent Models
Bioactive peptides are short peptides consisting of 2-20 amino acid residues. They have positive effects on body functions and generally have antibacterial, antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Some exogenous bioactive peptides have been shown to have promising anti-aging effects. These exogenous peptides may have a mechanism similar to endogenous peptides, and some can even regulate the release of endogenous active peptides and play a synergistic role with endogenous active peptides.
  • 815
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds of Hop Strobile Extracts
Hop (Humulus lupulus Linnaeus), a perennial plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family, has become a widely grown agricultural plant because it is used for providing bitterness and aroma to beer. Hop originated in Europe and west Asia, and are cultivated in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, and England. Historically, the flower extracts of hop, commonly known as hops, have been used in traditional medicine for treating human health because of their sedative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antidiuretic properties. Hops are a dioecious species and unfertilized female inflorescence are commonly called cones (or strobiles). These cones are rich in unique phenolic compounds such as prenylated flavonoids, humulones (α-acids) and lupulones (β-acids).
  • 926
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Adrenomedullin/PAMP’s Roles in the Digestive System
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are two bioactive peptides derived from the same precursor with several biological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, or anti-inflammation, among others. AM and PAMP are widely expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they behave as GI hormones, regulating numerous physiological processes such as gastric emptying, gastric acid release, insulin secretion, bowel movements, or intestinal barrier function. 
  • 680
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Role in the Eye
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution throughout the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in many other peripheral organs. It plays cytoprotective effects mediated mainly through the activation of specific receptors. PACAP is known to play pleiotropic effects on the eye, including the cornea, protecting it against different types of insult. 
  • 684
  • 18 Jan 2022
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