Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Topic Review
Climate-Smart Agriculture of Hungarian Agribusiness
Climate change and agriculture interact with each other in many ways and have a complex impact. The agriculture sector needs to be prepared to adapt to the expected effects of climate change, and emphasis must be placed on prevention to achieve emission reduction targets. The research explores the current situation in the agricultural sector, the risks of climate change, as well as the Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) solutions that appear at Hungarian agribusiness. Examining the climate innovation activities of farms shows a coherence of the practical application. The research is based on a questionnaire survey of Hungarian agribusiness and the country directorates of the National Chamber of Agriculture. The investigation confirmed that although farmers are susceptible to Agri-Innovation, they only partly exploit the potential of digitalization. For agriculture, the spread of agricultural digitalization and technology transfer is an excellent opportunity to increase agricultural production, maintain and improve its market position, and increase its digital maturity, which can also enhance the integration of climate innovation and sustainability aspects supporting the green economic development.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Heart of Borneo
The HoB is situated in Borneo, the third-largest island in the world next to Greenland and New Guinea. It is shared by Indonesia (Kalimantan) covering an area of 745,567 square kilometers (km2), Borneo Malaysia, comprising the states of Sarawak and Sabah with an area of 124,449 km2 and 73,711 km2, respectively, and a small-nation sate, Brunei Darussalam (5765 km2). The rainforests in Borneo, which evolved between 100 and 150 million years ago, are among the most biologically diverse on Earth. Representing just one percent of the earth’s terrestrial surface, the island of Borneo holds about six percent of the world’s plant and animal species. There are approximately 15,000 flowering plants and 3000 species of trees found in Borneo’s forest, including 6000 endemic species. The biologically diverse island is recognized as a globally significant biodiversity ‘hotspot’. In addition, the uplands of Borneo are a source of at least 14 of the 20 major rivers on the island. Thus, environmentally sustainable resource management is critically important in maintaining the ecological health of riverine systems, which underpin the socio-economic progress of 17 million people in Borneo.
  • 2.7K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine
Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill
Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill, a perennial endemic pastoral species, grows at the canopy of Pinus halepensis Mill. plantations forest of the Tunisian Dorsal. Although M. tunetana is an interested pasture legume with its abiotic stress tolerance  rhizome production, it is a rare species and threatened to disappear because of overgrazing. Whereas, it could contribute in the agro-pastoral systems development in its native regions of Tunisian ridge.
  • 781
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Potential of Green Hydrogen
As a potential storage material, hydrogen (H2) is considered to be promising and considerable research has been invested into this matter. Scientists and industry discriminate between different colors of hydrogen depending on the method of production: Green hydrogen, for example, implies that production is (almost) CO2-neutral using e.g., bio gas or renewable energies such as wind power; whereas gray hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels such as oil or gas. Turquoise hydrogen implies using methane pyrolysis fueled by renewable energy sources, i.e., it is also considered to be CO2-neutral.
  • 620
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nanocellulosic Materials for Oil Spill
Modern developments in cellulosic materials for oil spill removal are briefly showcased in this entry. Different types of lignocellulosic textures and different modification techniques and preparation methods are explained. Materials were classified into 3D-materials such as hydrophobic and oleophobic sponges and aerogels, or 2D-materials such as membranes, fabrics, films, and meshes. Majorly, 3D-materials showed clear correlation between porosity and density, and their absorption behavior. Moreover, it was shown that nanocellulosic precursors are not exclusively suitable to attain considerable absorption performance. This finding can lead to developments in cost- and energy-efficient production processes of future cellulosic oil spillage removal solutions.
  • 776
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Food Animal Production's Antibiotic Usage
Antibiotics usage was more commonly reported in commercial chicken and aquaculture than other animal production systems (livestock and backyard poultry). Farmers used antibiotics for both therapeutic and preventive purposes. Many studies detected several antibiotics resistance harmful bacteria in food-producing animals and animal origin foods.
  • 605
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sustainability in a Matrix Approach
Considering that sustainability is a relative concept, but also that this limitation could be avoided through continuous adaptation of the evaluation tools by taking into account the directions of change (such as time, space, application domain), the goal of the present study is to elaborate a matrix for measuring the level of sustainability for small vegetable farms.
  • 616
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Pesticides
Pests and diseases are responsible for most of the losses related to agricultural crops, either in the field or in storage. Moreover, due to indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides over the years, several issues have come along, such as pest resistance and contamination of important planet sources, such as water, air and soil. Therefore, in order to improve efficiency of crop production and reduce food crisis in a sustainable manner, while preserving consumer’s health, plant-derived pesticides may be a green alternative to synthetic ones.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid rGO@TiO2/CN Nanocomposite
The three-component hybrid (rGO/TiO2/CN) nanocomposite was prepared in order to enhance the photocatalytic properties of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) under solar-like irradiation. The rGO/TiO2/CN was prepared in a mixture of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO, 8 wt%), anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, 16 wt%).
  • 628
  • 16 Sep 2021
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