Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

Expand All
Entries
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer and Microenvironments: Implications of Anesthesia
Pancreatic malignancy is a lethal neoplasm, as well as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality, having a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 10%. The average life expectancy of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer does not exceed six months. Although surgical excision is a favorable modality for long-term survival of pancreatic neoplasm, metastasis is initially identified in nearly 80% of the patients by the time of diagnosis, making the development of therapeutic policy for pancreatic cancer extremely daunting. Emerging evidence shows that pancreatic neoplastic cells interact intimately with a complicated microenvironment that can foster drug resistance, metastasis, or relapse in pancreatic cancer. As a result, the necessity of gaining further insight should be focused on the pancreatic microenvironment contributing to cancer progression. Numerous evidence reveals that perioperative factors, including surgical manipulation and anesthetics (e.g., propofol, volatile anesthetics, local anesthetics, epidural anesthesia/analgesia, midazolam), analgesics (e.g., opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tramadol), and anesthetic adjuvants (such as ketamine and dexmedetomidine), might alter the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression by affecting perioperative inflammatory or immune responses during cancer surgery. 
  • 445
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Non-Operative Management of Total Mesorectal Excision Surgery
Despite it being the optimal curative approach, elderly and frail rectal cancer patients may not be able to undergo a total mesorectal excision. Recent advancements in non-operative treatment modalities have enhanced the toolbox of alternative treatment strategies in patients unable to undergo surgery. Therefore, a proposed strategy is to aim for the maximal non-operative treatment, in an effort to avoid the onset of debilitating symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. The complexity of treating elderly and frail patients requires a patient-centred approach to personalise treatment. The main challenge is to optimise the balance between local control of disease, patient preferences, and the burden of treatment. A comprehensive geriatric assessment is a crucial element within the multidisciplinary dialogue.
  • 404
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Gut–Liver Axis in Liver Disease
The gut microbiota composition is important for nutrient metabolism, mucosal barrier function, immunomodulation, and defense against pathogens. Alterations in the gut microbiome can disturb the gut ecosystem. These changes may lead to the loss of beneficial bacteria or an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, these have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Pathologies of the liver, such as non-alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis have all been linked to changes in the gut microbiome composition.
  • 547
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022
The colon is the final segment of the vertebrate digestive system, where fluid and electrolyte transport can be modulated to maintain intestinal and whole-body homeostasis. The expression and activity of many ion transporters in the colon are controlled by a complex and delicate homeostatic ion balance, such that hormones (i.e., aldosterone and angiotensin), pathophysiological inhibitors (i.e., Cholera and STa toxins) and diseases (i.e., metastatic changes) prompt surprisingly distinct responses between the proximal and distal colon segments. Modern and classical experimental methods, such as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Ussing chambers, genome-wide analysis, next-generation epigenetic sequencing analysis, immunocytochemistry, patch clamping, and siRNA, have allowed the localization, characterization, and measurement of ion transporters. The differential expression and regulation of transporters, described using the following methods, is what gives the proximal and distal colon, apical and basolateral epithelial membranes, and crypts and surface cells unique homeostatic functions and responses to various drugs, hormones, and immune factors.
  • 496
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. 
  • 807
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Role of GI Microbiota in Spiny Lobsters
Indigenous intestinal microbiota influences the physiological function of the host GI tract. These influences are evident in scientific articles reporting intestinal microflora abnormalities in a variety of organisms, including germ-free animals, animals, and humans. As observed in higher organisms, humans, terrestrial animals, or aquatic animals, the presence of GI microbiota in spiny lobsters influences the host and brings various benefits to its host. The symbiosis between the GI microbiota and the host is important to ensure the nutrition and health of the host. The human GI tract comprises 1000 culturable microflora species, where 92 species are from eukarya, 8 from archaea, and 957 from bacteria. The complex and diverse microflora community in the GI tract of humans co-exists and contributes to the prevention of metabolic diseases. The GI microbiota in the human body possesses both beneficial and harmful traits. It has been proven that GI microbes are associated with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers, diabetes, autism, and asthma. The role of fish GI microbiota is based on the host’s dietary needs. Herbivorous fishes, such as grass carp, are associated with cellulolytic bacteria, which help in plant fibre intake. Meanwhile, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are the dominant species in the GI tract of wood-eating fish. The GI bacteria of carnivorous fish species consist of mostly lipase- and protease-synthesising bacteria. In aquatic invertebrates, an earlier experiment by Harris proved that the presence of GI bacteria has specific roles and functions.
  • 520
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Access in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome
Short Bowel Syndrome and intestinal failure are chronic and severe conditions that may require life-long parenteral nutrition in children. Survival of these children relies on the correct functioning of central venous catheters; therefore, careful management, prevention, and treatment of complications is of paramount importance. Despite a growing awareness on preserving the vascular real estate, a certain number of patients still experience a progressive and life-threatening exhaustion of vascular access. 
  • 552
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Microbiota for Growth and Performance in Chickens
The gut barrier is comprised of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, mucins secreted by goblet cells, host-derived antimicrobial peptides such as defensins, and cathelicidins, IgA, intestinal epithelium, microfold cells (M cells), Paneth cells, tuft cells and lymphoid tissues in the sub-epithelium and lamina propria. The gut barrier serves to contain the gut microbiota within the lumen while permitting the absorption of nutrients. Intestinal health, tolerance to food and microbial antigens, and homeostasis are achieved through complex interactions between the multiple components in the gut.
  • 499
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Carbohydrate Maldigestion and Intolerance
When malabsorbed carbohydrates reach the colon, they are fermented by colonic bacteria, with the production of short-chain fatty acids and gas lowering colonic pH. The appearance of diarrhoea or symptoms of flatulence depends in part on the balance between the production and elimination of these fermentation products. Different studies have shown that there are no differences in the frequency of sugar malabsorption between patients with irritable bowel disease (IBS) and healthy controls; however, the severity of symptoms after a sugar challenge is higher in patients than in controls. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Repurposing Approved Drugs in Colon Cancer
Despite improvements in standardized screening methods and the development of promising therapies for colorectal cancer (CRC), survival rates are still low. Drug repurposing offers an affordable solution to achieve new indications for previously approved drugs that could play a protagonist or adjuvant role in the treatment of CRC. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 39

Featured Entry Collections

>>