Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Involvement in Extra-Digestive Disease
Calprotectin (CP) is a dimer composed of S100A8 and S100A9, which are calcium and zinc binding proteins. CP is found mainly in neutrophils, where under constitutive conditions, it represents about 45% of the total cytosolic protein. Moreover, calprotectin is constitutively expressed by monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells oral keratocytes and squamous mucosal epithelium. In inflammation, the expression of calprotectin is increased. CP is released by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages during inflammation due to its antimicrobial properties. CP can be detected in serum, urine, cerebrospinal, synovial, and pleural fluids in proportion to the degree of any existing inflammation, but the most useful and widely used form is in stool as a reliable marker of intestinal tissue inflammation. Moreover, CP concentration in feces is approximately six times higher than in plasma.
  • 378
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions for Complementing Celiac Disease and Beyond
Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy caused by ingesting dietary gluten proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting around 1.4% of the population globally. The only acceptable treatment for CeD is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, in some cases, GFD does not alter gluten-induced symptoms. In addition, strict adherence to a GFD reduces patients’ quality of life and is often a socio-economic burden. Therefore, dietary and non-dietary interventions are investigated. This entry concentrates on the recent research on the degradation of gluten through enzymes, the modulation of the microbiome, and the different types of “biotics” strategies, from probiotics to the less explored “viromebiotics” as possible beneficial complementary interventions for CeD management and other less understood gluten-related disorders beyond the GFD.
  • 482
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
A Theranostic Approach in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy
Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is one of the treatment options for liver tumors. Microspheres labelled with a therapeutic radionuclide (90Y or 166Ho) are injected into the liver artery feeding the tumor(s), usually achieving a high tumor absorbed dose and a high tumor control rate. This treatment adopts a theranostic approach with a mandatory simulation phase, using a surrogate to radioactive microspheres (99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, MAA) or a scout dose of 166Ho microspheres, imaged by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT.
  • 437
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes and Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent clinical condition of the digestive system, with a growing frequency each year. Approximately 20% of patients suffer from severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with local consequences and multi-organ failure, putting a significant strain on patients’ health insurance. According to reports, the lungs are particularly susceptible to SAP. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe type of acute lung injury (ALI), is the primary cause of mortality among AP patients. Controlling the mortality associated with SAP requires an understanding of the etiology of AP-associated ALI, the discovery of biomarkers for the early detection of ALI, and the identification of potentially effective drug treatments. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm that are actively released into tissue fluids to mediate biological functions. Exosomes are laden with bioactive cargo, such as lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA. During the initial stages of AP, acinar cell-derived exosomes suppress forkhead box protein O1 expression, resulting in M1 macrophage polarization. Similarly, macrophage-derived exosomes activate inflammatory pathways within endothelium or epithelial cells, promoting an inflammatory cascade response. On the other hand, a part of exosome cargo performs tissue repair and anti-inflammatory actions and inhibits the cytokine storm during AP. 
  • 317
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Extrahepatic Manifestations in Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus and is a major health problem that contributes to the global burden of chronic disease. Chronic infection can lead to liver cancer and death from end-organ damage. Despite the introduction of novel anti-viral therapy, the disease burden is still high. 
  • 626
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Surgical Anatomy of the Upper Abdomen
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) is the cornerstone of treating advanced ovarian cancer. Approximately 60–70% of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will have involvement in the upper abdomen or the supracolic compartment of the abdominal cavity. Though the involvement of this region results in poorer survival compared, complete cytoreduction benefits overall survival, making upper-abdominal cytoreduction an essential component of CRS for advanced ovarian cancer. The upper abdomen constitutes several vital organs and large blood vessels draped with the parietal or visceral peritoneum, common sites of disease in ovarian cancer. A surgeon treating advanced ovarian cancer should be well versed in upper-abdominal cytoreduction techniques, including diaphragmatic peritonectomy and diaphragm resection, lesser omentectomy, splenectomy with or without distal pancreatectomy, liver resection, cholecystectomy, and suprarenal retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Other procedures such as clearance of the periportal region, Glisson’s capsulectomy, clearance of the superior recess of the lesser sac, and Morrison’s pouch are essential as these regions are often involved in ovarian cancer. 
  • 633
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Brassicaceae-Derived Phytochemicals
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of intestinal disorders, of unknown etiology, characterized by chronic inflammation within the gut. They are gradually becoming critical because of the increasing incidence worldwide and improved diagnosis. Due to the important side effects observed during conventional therapy, natural bioactive components are now under intense investigation for the prevention and treatment of chronic illnesses. The Brassicaceae family comprises vegetables widely consumed all over the world. A growing body of literature has reported that extracts from the Brassicaceae family and their purified constituents have anti-inflammatory properties, which has generated interest from both the scientific community and clinicians.
  • 496
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Association between NAFLD and Infectious Diseases
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease, affecting one third of the Western population. The hallmark of the disease is excessive storage of fat in the liver. Most commonly, it is caused by metabolic syndrome (or one of its components).
  • 422
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Yogurt with Incorporated Probiotics
Probiotics are commonly added to yogurt to provide many health benefits for the consumer. A description is provided for some commonly used probiotics in yogurt. A GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list of probiotic bacteria that can be added to yogurt or similar types of products is provided. Additionally, prebiotics, synbiotics (combination of prebiotics and probiotics), postbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics can be added to yogurt. Probiotic yogurt can come in various forms in addition to spoonable yogurt, and yogurt can be used as an ingredient in other food products. Many useful functional ingredients can be applied to probiotic yogurt. The safety of probiotics must be addressed, especially for critically ill patients and other susceptible populations.
  • 547
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of Functional MRI in Liver SBRT
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming increasingly important in the planning and delivery of radiation therapy of liver cancers. While most commonly utilised for anatomical detail, the utility of functional MRI for the development of personalised treatment approaches is an emerging area of research. 
  • 499
  • 21 Dec 2022
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