Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Dysregulated Resolution of Inflammation After Respiratory Viral Infections
Following respiratory viral infections, some individuals experience an incomplete resolution of inflammation, leading to prolonged activation of macrophages and microglia and the persistence of a neuroinflammatory environment. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress further amplify pro-inflammatory signaling, while insufficient production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (such as resolvins and protectins) prevents the restoration of homeostasis. These interconnected processes can result in long-lasting neurological symptoms, including neuropathic pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.
  • 4
  • 02 Dec 2025
Topic Review
Cognitive Dysfunction in Long COVID
Cognitive dysfunction in Long COVID refers to the persistence of neurocognitive symptoms such as memory deficits, attention impairment, executive dysfunction, and slowed information processing that continue for weeks or months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms, commonly termed “brain fog,” are among the most disabling features of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and occur even in individuals with mild initial disease. The underlying mechanisms involve chronic neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroendocrine imbalance.
  • 898
  • 30 May 2025
Topic Review
Exploring Mental Wellness Resources in the Digital Age
This article explores the growing role of digital tools in supporting mental health, including therapy apps, online communities, and AI-driven platforms. It highlights their benefits—like accessibility, affordability, and personalization—while also addressing limitations such as privacy and quality concerns. As technology advances, digital mental wellness is becoming a vital part of modern self-care.  
  • 481
  • 17 Apr 2025
Biography
Radha Ambalavanan
Proficient in utilizing comprehensive academic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Over 14 years of experience in medical literature databases and research methods. Proficient in PRISMA guidelines for ethical biomedical research. Expertise in writing and formatting papers for academic journals. Familiarity with citation styles: Chicago Manual of Style 17th Ed
  • 918
  • 24 Nov 2025
Topic Review
Portable Oxygen Kit Market Size, Share 2024-2032
The global portable oxygen kit market has been experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for respiratory care solutions, particularly driven by the rise in chronic respiratory diseases.
  • 733
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
American Education
The landscape of education in the United States is in a state of flux, marked by ongoing debates about how best to reform the system to meet the needs of a diverse and changing society.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Empowerment Dynamics in Health Management and Entrepreneurship
Empowerment dynamics refer to the processes and factors that enhance individuals' capacity to control their personal and professional lives. This concept is especially significant in various contexts, such as the health management of chronic patients and entrepreneurship, particularly in post-crisis scenarios like the COVID-19 pandemic. It encompasses access to resources, support, and opportunities that help individuals overcome challenges and achieve their objectives. A theoretical framework was developed through PhD research, elucidating the mechanisms behind these challenges and their implications for fostering diversity, social innovation, and sustainability. This approach not only compares chronic patients with entrepreneurs and validates the theoretical framework in a group of chronic patients but also proposes practical strategies to harness diversity, innovation, and entrepreneurship in post-crisis contexts.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Redefining Vaccine Effectiveness through Lessons from SARS-CoV-2
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a pivotal role in reducing the risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19, thus helping end the COVID-19 global public health emergency.  Intriguingly, as SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged, individuals who were fully vaccinated did get infected in high numbers, and viral loads in vaccinated individuals were as high as those in the unvaccinated.  However, vaccines undoubtedly offered protection against severe illness even without conferring immunity in the classical sense.  The lessons learned from anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are a call to the medical community to revisit and redefine the concept of vaccine effectiveness.  This endeavor is likely to increase increase vaccine confidence, and thus bolster global health education efforts and preventive care. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa
On 30 January 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of global concern. COVID-19 became pandemic on 11 March 2020, and spread unprecedently. No country was prepared to face its impact. Major fears started to be expressed for Africa, where dramatic consequences were expected, due to the weakness of health systems. The limited resources, in terms of qualified physicians, medical equipment and hospital infrastructures marked an undeniable inequality and highlighted the need to empower local capacity, raising the level of preparedness of African nations against infection outbreaks.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 May 2024
Topic Review
Statistical Analysis of Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Data
COVID-19 caused a pandemic, due to its ease of transmission and high number of infections. The evolution of the pandemic and its consequences for the mortality and morbidity of populations, especially the elderly, generated several scientific studies and many research projects. Among them, researchers have the Predictive Models of COVID-19 Outcomes for Higher Risk Patients Towards a Precision Medicine (PREMO) research project. For such a project with many data records, it is necessary to provide a smooth graphical analysis to extract value from it.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Apr 2024
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