Summary

Organic synthesis is the tool for the preparation of small molecules with interesting biological and medicinal properties—new compounds with activity against diseases affecting humankind today such as cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders or infectious diseases, as well as new syntheses of known drugs. New bioactive compounds are designed and synthesized to target key metabolic reactions in pathological processes as the first steps toward drug discovery. The crosstalk between synthetic and medicinal chemists enable a high impact of new synthetic methodologies in drug discovery. The aim is to highlight the role that organic synthesis plays in developing methods that may be exploited for finding lead compounds and drugs by the pharmaceutical industry.

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Topic Review
Fluorinated BODIPY Dyes
The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. Compounds such as derivatives of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) typically demonstrate signal wavelengths around 500 nm and 600 nm; however, it is more favorable to see these signals closer to 700 nm to improve fluorophore applications. For this reason, recent studies described further in the text demonstrate the applications of adding fluorine-based substituents and phenyl rings to the chemical designs, thus redshifting absorption and fluorescence wavelengths.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Coumarin(Benzopyrone)-Fused Five-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles
Coumarins are a family of benzopyrones (1,2-benzopyrones or 2H-[1]benzopyran-2-ones), which represent an important family of oxygen-containing heterocycles, widely distributed in nature. Since coumarins have versatile applications, the synthesis trials of different structures of the coumarin-based scaffold were attempted. Among all the heterocycles built on α-pyrone moiety of coumarin, the furan ring was the only available structure in nature. Thus, it has inspired a lot of researchers to replace the oxygen with other heteroatoms. Wide varieties of heterocycles were constructed by a synthetic pathway to introduced furans, pyrroles, thiophenes, and selenophenes as a fused ring that characterized by a single heteroatom to the α-pyrone moiety of coumarin. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising green solvents, due to their versatility and properties such as high biodegradability, inexpensiveness, ease of preparation and negligible vapor pressure. They have been employed as green catalysts in biomass transformations and its upgrading into valuable chemicals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Aurilide Family
Aurilides are a class of depsipeptides occurring mainly in marine cyanobacteria. Members of the aurilide family have shown to exhibit strong cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. These compounds bear a pentapeptide, a polyketide, and an α-hydroxy ester subunit in their structure.
  • 674
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Multicomponent Bargellini Reaction
The multicomponent reaction between phenol, chloroform and acetone is known as Bargellini reaction. In this  article we collected and discussed all the Bargellini and Bargellini-like reactions carried out over the years. The main goal is that this knowledge-sharing will help chemists to properly use this transformation and imagine novel reactivities based on it.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biopolymeric Composite Materials
Biopolymers have attained enormous attention with perspective multi-functional and high-performance biocomposites having a low environmental impact with unique properties like, abundantly available, renewable, eco-friendly, and light-weight. Biopolymeric composites should substitute synthetic materials in optics, bio-chemistry, and biomedical engineering with versatile applications, and investment and research on these materials increase significantly. Biopolymers and biodegradable synthetic polymers have attracted researchers’ enormous attention in recent years . 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory of Life
The Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory of the Origin and Evolution of Life argues that the escence of the origin of life was the microscopic dissipative structuring under UVC light of organic pigments (now known as the fundamental molecules of life - those common to all three domains) and their proliferation over the entire Earth surface, driven by the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating this part of the Archean solar spectrum into heat. With time, dissipative structuring led to ever more complex biosynthetic pathways for creating pigments and their support structures (and processes) which could dissipate not only the UVC region but also other UV regions and the visible wavelengths, until today reaching the "red edge" (at approximately 700 nm). The heat of dissipation of photons absorbed on organic pigments in water then catalyzes a host of coupled secondary dissipative processes such as; the water cycle, ocean and wind currents, hurricanes, etc. pushing the limit for dissipation of the incident light even further towards the infrared. The thermodynamic dissipation theory thus assgins an explicit thermodynamic function to life; the dissipative structuring, proliferation, and evolution of molecular pigments and their complexes from common precursor carbon based molecules under the impressed short wavelength solar photon potential to perform the explicit thermodynamic function of dissipating this light into long wavelength infrared light (heat). In a general sense, the origin of life is no different than the origin of other dissipative structuring processes like hurricanes and the water cycle, except that these latter processes deal with structuring involving hydrogen bonding while life deals with structuring involving covalent bonding. The external photon potential supplied continuously by the environment (our Sun), and its dissipation into heat by the assembly of dissipative structures, are, therefore, both integral components necessary for understanding life. Difficult problems related to the origin of life, such as enzyme-less replication of RNA and DNA, homochirality of the fundamental molecules, and the origin of amino acid -codon assignments (information encoding in RNA and DNA), also find simple explanations within this same dissipative thermodynamic framework once the existence of a relation between primordial RNA and DNA replication and UV-C photon dissipation is established.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cystic Echinococcosis
Hydatid cyst or cystic echinococcosis (CE) is well-known as one of the most common universal parasitic infections, which infects a wide range of hosts such as humans, wild animals, and domestic livestock. Therefore, CE can be considered as an important challenge both from medical and economic points of view.
  • 587
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Perovskite Solar Cell
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have attracted tremendous attention as a key material in various optoelectronic devices. Distinctive optoelectronic properties, such as a tunable energy band position, long carrier diffusion lengths, and high charge carrier mobility, have allowed rapid progress in various perovskite-based optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers). Interestingly, the developments of each field are based on different characteristics of perovskite materials which are suitable for their own applications. 
  • 765
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Structural Class of ARS Inhibitors
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate amino acids to tRNAs and translate the genetic code during protein synthesis. Their function in pathogen-derived infectious diseases has been well established, which has led to the development of small molecule therapeutics. The applicability of ARS inhibitors for other human diseases, such as fibrosis, has recently been explored in the clinical setting. There are active studies to find small molecule therapeutics for cancers.
  • 737
  • 13 Jan 2021
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