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Topic Review
A Personalized Longitudinal Strategy in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) is a rare cerebral cancer, mostly involving young adults with an active life at diagnosis. If left untreated, LGG widely invades the brain and becomes malignant, generating neurological worsening and ultimately death. Early and repeat treatments for this incurable tumor, including maximal connectome-based surgical resection(s) in awake patients, enable postponement of malignant transformation while preserving quality of life owing to constant neural network reconfiguration. Due to considerable interindividual variability in terms of LGG course and consecutive cerebral reorganization, a multistage longitudinal strategy should be tailored accordingly in each patient. It is crucial to predict how the glioma will progress (changes in growth rate and pattern of migration, genetic mutation, etc.) and how the brain will adapt (changes in patterns of spatiotemporal redistribution, possible functional consequences such as epilepsy or cognitive decline, etc.). The goal is to anticipate therapeutic management, remaining one step ahead in order to select the optimal (re-)treatment(s) (some of them possibly kept in reserve), at the appropriate time(s) in the evolution of this chronic disease, before malignization and clinical worsening.
  • 319
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
A Simple ANN for Sleep-Waking Recognition
Artificial neural network (ANNs) is a machine learning approach that has rapidly gained popularity due to its ability to quickly and effectively solve complex problems. Sleep monitoring is often required for patients who are suffering from diseases or who are undergoing treatment. Recently, in a paper described a new method for the automatic recognition of behavioral sleep and waking states in freely moving rats. This is a simple ANN, in which the mean values and standard deviations of electrocorticograms. ANN was trained to recognize sleep and waking states with the accuracy of 80%. 
  • 257
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aberrant Vascular System in Neurovascular-Related Diseases
Bidirectional communication between neurons and non-neuronal cells, including glia, plays a role in the pathogenesis of neural diseases. Recent findings have suggested that aberrant vascularization and vascular systems may also be involved in the development of neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 395
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
ACE2 as Link between COVID-19 and Parkinson’s Disease
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequently accompanied by neurological manifestations such as headache, delirium, and epileptic seizures, whereas ageusia and anosmia may appear before respiratory symptoms. Among the various neurological COVID-19-related comorbidities, Parkinson’s disease (PD) has gained increasing attention. Some cases of PD disease have been linked to COVID-19, and both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients frequently worsen following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although it is unclear whether PD increases the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether COVID-19 increases the risk of or unmasks future cases of PD, emerging evidence sheds more light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between these two diseases. Among them, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a significant component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), seems to play a pivotal role. ACE2 is required for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the human host cells, and ACE2 dysregulation is implicated in the severity of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ACE2 imbalance is implicated in core shared pathophysiological mechanisms between PD and COVID-19, including aberrant inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. ACE2 may also be implicated in alpha-synuclein-induced dopaminergic degeneration, gut–brain axis dysregulation, blood–brain axis disruption, autonomic dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and hyposmia, which are key features of PD.
  • 407
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Activation-Inhibition Coordination in Neuron, Brain, and Behavior Sequencing/Organization
Activation-inhibition coordination is considered a dynamic process that functions as a common mechanism in the synchronization and functioning of neurons, brain, behavior, and their sequencing/organization, including over these different scales. The concept has broad applicability, for example, in applications to maladaptivity/atypicality. Young developed the hypothesis to help explain the efficacy of right-hand reaching to grasp in 1-month-olds, a study that implicated that the left hemisphere is specialized for activation-inhibition coordination. This underlying left-hemisphere function, noted to characterize the left hemisphere right from birth, can explain equally its language and fine motor skills, for example. The right hemisphere appears specialized for less complex inhibitory skills, such as outright damping/inhibition. The hypotheses related to inhibition and hemispheric specialization that appear in the literature typically refer to right hemisphere skills in these regards.
  • 364
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein
The activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a double-edged sword, sex-dependently regulates multiple genes and was previously associated with the control of early muscle development and aging.
  • 697
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
AD and Multiple Fluid Biomarkers
Biomarkers are molecules that are variable in their origin, nature, and mechanism of action; they are of great relevance in biology and also in medicine because of their specific connection with a single or several diseases. Biomarkers are of two types, which in some cases are operative with each other. Fluid biomarkers, started around 2000, are generated in fluid from specific proteins/peptides and miRNAs accumulated within two extracellular fluids, either the central spinal fluid or blood plasma. The switch of these proteins/peptides and miRNAs, from free to segregated within extracellular vesicles, has induced certain advantages including higher levels within fluids and lower operative expenses. Imaging biomarkers, started around 2004, are identified in vivo upon their binding by radiolabeled molecules subsequently revealed in the brain by positron emission tomography and/or other imaging techniques. A positive point for the latter approach is the quantitation of results, but expenses are much higher. 
  • 466
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome
Adaptive behaviour is defined as “the effectiveness with which the individual copes with the natural and social demands of his environment”. Such skills in daily functioning are essential for personal and social autonomy and are particularly crucial for individuals with intellectual disabilities, (ID) when cognitive testing is difficult, allowing us to evaluate their mastery of the daily environment.
  • 395
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ADHD, Binge Eating Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattention, restlessness, and hyperactivity. This classification is provided because onset occurs in early childhood before age 12 and is characterized by developmental deficits inconsistent with or excessive for developmental level or age.
  • 100
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Adipokines in Central Nervous System Pathologies
Adipokines are protein hormones secreted by adipose tissue in response to disruptions in physiological homeostasis within the body’s systems. The regulatory functions of adipokines within the central nervous system (CNS) are multifaceted and intricate, and they have been identified in a number of pathologies.
  • 128
  • 17 Oct 2023
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