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Topic Review
Obesity, Bariatric Surgery and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obesity is listed as one of the most important health issues. Complications of obesity, with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) listed among them, are common problems in clinical practice. Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for OSA, but OSA itself may contribute to worsening obesity. Bariatric surgery is a treatment of choice for severely obese patients, especially with present complications, and remains the only causative treatment for patients with OSA. Though improvement in OSA control in patients after bariatric surgery is well-established knowledge, the complete resolution of OSA is achieved in less than half of them. The determination of subpopulations of patients in whom bariatric surgery would be especially advantageous is an important issue of OSA management.
  • 492
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
High-Flow Nasal-Cannula and Pulmonary-Rehabilitation in ILD
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has emerged as a crucial therapeutic strategy for hypoxemic patients both in acute and chronic settings. Indeed, HFNC therapy is able to deliver higher fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2) with a heated and humidified gas flow ranging from 20 up to 60 L per minute, in a more comfortable way for the patient in comparison with Conventional Oxygen Therapy (COT). In fact, the flow keeps the epithelium of the airways adequately moisturized, thus positively affecting the mucus clearance. Finally, the flow is able to wash out the carbon dioxide in the dead space of the airways; this is also enhanced by a modest positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) effect. 
  • 491
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy as an Adjuvant Therapy
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a respiratory support technique that delivers a controlled concentration of oxygen with high flow, heat, and humidity via the nasal pathway. As it has many physiological effects, its use has increased for a variety of clinical indications.
  • 482
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pulmonary Hypertension Screening Methods for ILD Patients
Heightened suspicion for pulmonary hypertension (PH) arises when the advancement of dyspnoea in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients diverges from the expected pattern of decline in pulmonary function parameters. The complexity of PH associated with ILD (PH-ILD) diagnostics is emphasized by the limitations of transthoracic echocardiography in the ILD population, necessitating the exploration of alternative diagnostic approaches. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emerges as a promising tool, offering insights into hemodynamic parameters and providing valuable prognostic information. The potential of biomarkers, alongside pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, is explored for enhanced diagnostic and prognostic precision.
  • 471
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Eosinophilic Cationic Protein in Chronic Pediatric Cough
Although the cough reflex is one of the essential protective mechanisms in the respiratory tract, it is considered a considerable health problem in adults and children when it becomes chronic and hypersensitive. However, the need for biomarkers for chronic cough in children and adults is critical. The problem with cough is also a severe symptom in hypersensitivity children. Respiratory infections are a considerable challenge for pediatricians, especially in allergic children. The term cough hypersensitivity syndrome, although introduced in adults, was questioned for children. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a promising marker for chronic cough but still needs to be validated and proved in clinical settings.
  • 470
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sarcoidosis-Associated PH  According to the Predominant Pathophysiological Mechanism
Sarcoidosis has been a well-recognised risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH) for a long time, but still, the knowledge about this concatenation is incomplete. Sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is an uncommon but serious complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality among sarcoidosis patients. 
  • 446
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Microbiome Influence on Lung Cancer Pathogenesis
In the process of carcinogenesis, a direct influence of bacteria has been suggested: (1) via regulating oncogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells, thus leading to cell cycle disorder, mutagenesis, and DNA damage; (2) on the cells of the immune system, triggering an immune response, production and release of cytokines, thus changing the local immune microenvironment of the host; and (3) through MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns), including the effects of bacteriotoxins, TLRs (toll-like receptors) signaling induction, and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) release. These mechanisms interact in the process of carcinogenesis. For example, it has been found that several microorganisms (Acidovorax, Klebsiella, Rhodoferax, Comamonas, and Polarmonas) were more abundant in squamous cell carcinoma with TP53 mutations in smokers. It has been suggested that lung epithelial cells with TP53 mutations due to tobacco smoke can be invaded by species that take advantage of the new microenvironment and may become tumor-foraging bacteria. Whether these bacteria induce mutations in TP53 is currently under investigation. 
  • 441
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Basis of Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a particularly aggressive cancer arising from mesothelial cells lining the thoracic (pleura) cavity whose development has been related to the exposure to carcinogenic biopersistent mineral fibers, mainly asbestos. Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive disease with diffuse nature, low median survival, and prolonged latency presenting difficulty in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment. 
  • 435
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Dual Role of Chemerin in Lung Diseases
Chemerin is an atypical chemokine first described as a chemoattractant agent for monocytes, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, through interaction with its main receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Chemerin has been studied in various lung disease models, showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Given the incidence and burden of inflammatory lung diseases from diverse origins (infectious, autoimmune, age-related, etc.), chemerin has emerged as an interesting therapeutical target due to its immunomodulatory role.
  • 427
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ten Issues for Updating in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia represents the third-highest cause of mortality in industrialized countries and the first due to infection. Although guidelines for the approach to this infection model are widely implemented in international health schemes, information continually emerges that generates controversy or requires updating its management.
  • 404
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
K+ Channels in O2 Sensing
O2 sensing is a fundamental biological process necessary for the acute and chronic responses to varying environmental O2 levels which allow organisms to adapt to hypoxia. Whereas chronic responses depend on the modulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors which determine the expression of numerous genes encoding enzymes, transporters and growth factors, acute responses rely mainly on the dynamic modulation of ion channels by hypoxia, causing adaptive changes in cell excitability, contractility and secretory activity in specialized tissues.
  • 403
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SVTLB in Undetermined Interstitial Lung Disease
Thoracoscopic surgical biopsy has shown excellent histological characterization of undetermined interstitial lung diseases, although the morbidity rates reported are not negligible. In  delicate patients with interstitial lung disease and restrictive ventilatory impairment, morbidity is thought to be due at least in part to tracheal intubation with single-lung mechanical ventilation; therefore, spontaneous ventilation thoracoscopic lung biopsy (SVTLB) has been proposed as a potentially less invasive surgical option. 
  • 293
  • 22 Jan 2024
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