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Topic Review
Agricultural Aspects of Multidrug Resistance
Antimicrobial multidrug-resistance (MDR) is an indirect consequence of large-scale and non-professional applications of previously powerful antibiotics, leading to the situation in which the lifesaving role of antibiotics has gradually become diminished. MDR has become not only a global public health concern, but also a challenge for sustainable agriculture and plant health management problems.
  • 713
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Designing Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Consortia
Plant growth-promoting bacteria are commonly used in agriculture, particularly for seed inoculation. Multispecies consortia are believed to be the most promising form of these bacteria. However, designing and modeling bacterial consortia to achieve desired phenotypic outcomes in plants is challenging. 
  • 713
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Wheat Biofortification
The deficiency of nutrients in food crops is a major issue affecting the health of human beings, mainly in underdeveloped areas. Despite the development in the methods of food fortification, several barriers such as lack of proper regulations and smaller public-private partnerships hinder its successful implementation in society. Consequently, genetic and agronomic biofortification has been suggested as the potential techniques for fortifying the nutrients in diets. However, the time-consuming nature and restricted available diversity in the targeted crop gene pool limit the benefits of genetic biofortification. In agronomic biofortification, organic fertilizers face the problem of prolonged duration of nutrients release and lesser content of minerals; while in inorganic fertilizers, the large-sized fertilizers (greater than 100 nm) suffer from volatilization and leaching losses. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture holds enormous potential to cope with these challenges. The utility of nanomaterials for wheat biofortification gains its importance by supplying the appropriate dose of fertilizer at the appropriate time diminishing the environmental concerns and smoothening the process of nutrient uptake and absorption. Wheat is a major crop whose nano-biofortification can largely handle the issue of malnutrition and nutrients deficiency in human beings. Though several research experiments have been conducted at small levels to see the effects of nano-biofortification on wheat plants, a review article providing an overview of such studies and summarizing the benefits and outcomes of wheat nano-biofortification is still lacking. Although a number of review articles are available on the role of nanotechnology in wheat crop, these are mostly focused on the role of nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stress conditions in wheat. None of them focused on the prospects of nanotechnology for wheat biofortification.
  • 712
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cadmium Phytoremediation Using Rice
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that causes severe health issues in humans. Cd accumulates in the human body when foods produced in Cd-contaminated fields are eaten. Therefore, soil remediation of contaminated fields is necessary to provide safe foods. Rice is one of the primary candidates for phytoremediation. There is a genotypic variation of Cd concentration in the shoots and grains of rice. Using the world rice core collection, ‘Jarjan’, ‘Anjana Dhan’, and ‘Cho-ko-koku’ were observed with a significantly higher level of Cd accumulation in the shoots and grains. Moreover, OsHMA3, a heavy metal transporter, was identified as a responsive gene of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for high Cd concentration in the shoots of these three varieties likewise. However, it is difficult to apply practical phytoremediation to these varieties because of their unfavorable agricultural traits, such as shatter and easily lodged. New rice varieties and lines were bred for Cd phytoremediation using OsHMA3 as a DNA marker selection. All of them accumulated Cd in the shoots equal to or higher than ‘Cho-ko-koku’ with improved cultivation traits. Therefore, they can be used for practical Cd phytoremediation.
  • 712
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bacillus megatherium 1259, Bull Calves
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus megaterium 1259 (BM1259) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood biochemical parameters in Holstein bull calves. The results demonstrated that the addition of BM1259 to the diets can significantly improve the growth performance and elevate the apparent digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. Moreover, supplementation with BM1259 ameliorated rumen fermentation and reduced the emission of both ammoniacal nitrogen and sulfuretted hydrogen in feces and urine. In addition, adding 12 g/head/day of BM1259 had no adverse effect on blood biochemical parameters and the health status of Holstein bull calves. This study demonstrates that BM1259 can be applied as a potential microecologics to improve production performance and nitrogen utilization in Holstein bull calves. 
  • 710
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nitrogen Management
Nitrogen (N) management remains a global challenge for the sustainability of diversified farming systems. Field crops are often over-supplied with nitrogen by farmers aiming to high productivity. Although the increase of nitrogen rates leads in many instances to high yields, degree of effectiveness for nitrogen use remains low. Urease and nitrification inhibitors are technologies which have been present in the fertilizers market at least 50 years. Inhibitors exploitation ensures long-term nitrogen release and improved N-uptake by plants and N-storage in seeds and silage. Avail of inhibitors, such as the decline of nitrogen leaching in form of NO3−, reduction of emissions in NH3 form, and rise of yield, are some of the desirable attributes that are derived from their integration in fertilization schedules. This review reports the evaluation of applied nitrogen, with inhibitors, and field crops based on nitrogen indices. The examined N-indicators include Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE,) Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (NAE), Nitrogen Harvest Index (NHI), and N uptake.
  • 707
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Parameters in Colostrum of Different Mammalian Species
Colostrum (or first milk) is the food produced by all the mothers in all specific mammalian species, ruminants, monogastric and marine mammalians for their newborns during the first 24–48 h post-partum. Colostrum provides to the neonate all essential nutrients necessary for the first week of life, but the effect of colostrum shows a long-term effect not limited to these first days. Colostrum is considered to be a safe and essential food for human consumption. Some young children can show at the beginning of their colostrum-based diet some side effects, such as nausea and flatulence, but they disappear quickly. In human colostrum, the immunoglobulins and lactoferrin determined show the ability to create natural immunity in newborns, reducing greatly the mortality rate in children.
  • 707
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rumen Solubility of Copper, Manganese and Zinc
The dietary inclusion of trace minerals (TMs), such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), is of importance to cover the ever-evolving requirements for growth, production and reproduction in ruminants. Various sources of TMs are commercially available, such as inorganic (ITM), organic (OTM) or hydroxy (HTM) forms; however, their bioavailability and efficiency to improve ruminant zootechnical parameters may be highly influenced by ruminal solubility and effects on the rumen environment.
  • 706
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
RNA-Based Information Transfer via Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm vesicles secreted by virtually any cell type in the body. They are expected to transfer information from one cell or tissue to another in a short- or long-distance way. RNA naturally present in EVs might be limited in a physiological context.
  • 705
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Antiviral and Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a ubiquitous class of secretable molecules involved in innate immunity via direct interaction with pathogens. AMP research has sought to describe the highly conserved cysteine rich C-domains of peptides, which determine molecular function; however, investigations into such molecular functions have generally been limited to antibacterial and antifungal defence in both vertebrates and invertebrates, with little research focusing on mollusc antiviral AMPs. Mollusc AMPs can be broadly divided into the following five groups: defensins, big defensins, mytilins, myticins, mytimacins, and mytimycins. All groups possess antibacterial activity, though few have been tested for antiviral activity, and thus the mollusc antiviral AMP mode of action is poorly understood. However, proposed modes of action of antiviral AMPs include targeting viral entry, viral uncoating, and inhibition of viral replication and endosomal escape.
  • 704
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phytophthora infestans Populations in Tomato/Potato Isolates in Thailand
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important diseases affecting tomato and potato production worldwide. In Thailand, the disease is widespread in the north and northeast, especially in the Chiang-Mai and Tak provinces. The mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, RG57 fingerprinting, and microsatellite were used to characterize the P. infestans populations. Studies revealed that the P. infestans of tomato isolates in Thailand are of the same lineage as those from 1994 until 2002. The clonal lineages that were found in the potato populations have changed since 1994. The changes in P. infestans isolates in the potato populations have likely been the result of the import of seed potatoes to Thailand. Furthermore, the P. infestans populations in potatoes show resistance to metalaxyl, whereas those from tomato isolates show sensitivity to fungicides. The reasons for the different responses can be attributed to (i) the use of metalaxyl, (ii) the host preferences of P. infestans, and (iii) the migration of new genotypes from infected potato seeds.
  • 703
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biochar Impacts
Around the world, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, is being used to concurrently solve issues with enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and development under both normal and stressful circumstances. It improves water retention, fosters nutrient absorption, and promotes microbial activity, creating a fertile environment that supports sustainable and resilient agriculture. Additionally, biochar acts as a carbon sink, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change impacts. The application of biochar is one of the sustainable approaches to improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the quality of produce and crops yield. Furthermore, biochar has proven to be efficient in different applications, particularly soil amendment for crop production and the removal of pollutants from the contaminated water and soil environments.
  • 703
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nano-Enabled Weed Management Using Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone)-Based Nanoherbicides
The number of effective herbicides available to farmers is steadily decreasing due to increasing herbicide resistance. It seems very important to address and effectively deal with the main weed management challenges (low crop yield and environmental pollution) by investigating the potential of newly introduced materials, such as biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. It has been indicated that some polymeric nanocarriers can penetrate biological barriers, including membranes and plant cell walls, and translocate across vascular tissues, resulting in a more efficient delivery of active ingredients. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) is a biocompatible material that is easily decomposable by enzymes and fungi. Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles could be applied as nanocarriers of herbicides in agriculture due to their low toxicity, their potential for large-scale synthesis from inexpensive materials, their ability to dissolve herbicides, their high loading capacity, and their ability to help minimize the chemical decomposition of herbicides.
  • 701
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biology of Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell, 1897 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Although native to northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, the hibiscus bud weevil (HBW), Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell 1897, was recently discovered infesting hibiscus in south Florida in 2017. During outbreak events, HBW feeding on hibiscus buds has been found to significantly affect the marketability of the crop. Therefore, it is vital that an integrated pest management (IPM) program be developed for this pest in order to mitigate the economic loss to the hibiscus industry of south Florida.
  • 697
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Iconisation of Yeast Spreads
Spent brewer’s yeast is the second largest by-product generated by the brewing industry. The term “spent brewer’s yeast” is used to describe yeast that is surplus to the brewer’s needs or is no longer needed in the brewing process.
  • 697
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Quorum Sensing Cascade in ESKAPE Pathogens
Quorum sensing (QS) is a density dependent cell-to-cell communication mechanism responsible for controlling pathogenicity with the regulation of gene expression.
  • 694
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Soybean CHYR Gene Family
The CHYR (CHY ZINC-FINGER AND RING FINGER PROTEIN) proteins have been functionally characterized in iron regulation and stress response in Arabidopsis, rice and Populus.  In soybean, 16 CHYR genes with conserved Zinc_ribbon, CHY zinc finger and Ring finger domains were obtained and divided into three groups. Moreover, additional 2–3 hemerythrin domains could be found in the N terminus of Group III. Phylogenetic and homology analysis of CHYRs in green plants indicated that three groups might originate from different ancestors. Expectedly, GmCHYR genes shared similar conserved domains/motifs distribution within the same group. Gene expression analysis uncovered their special expression patterns in different soybean tissues/organs and under various abiotic stresses. Group I and II members were mainly involved in salt and alkaline stresses. The expression of Group III members was induced/repressed by dehydration, salt and alkaline stresses, indicating their diverse roles in response to abiotic stress. 
  • 693
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Interventions for Wheat Biofortification
Wheat is an essential constituent of cereal-based diets, and one of the most significant sources of calories. However, modern wheat varieties are low in proteins and minerals. Biofortification is a method for increasing the availability of essential elements in the edible portions of crops through agronomic or genetic and genomic interventions. Wheat biofortification, as a research topic, has become increasingly prevalent. 
  • 692
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Nero Lucano Pig Breed
The Nero Lucano (NL) pig is a black coat colored breed characterized by a remarkable ability to adapt to the difficult territory and climatic conditions of Basilicata region in Southern Italy.
  • 691
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Female Fertility in Beef Cattle
Female fertility is the foundation of the cow–calf industry, impacting both efficiency and profitability. 
  • 691
  • 06 Nov 2023
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