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Topic Review
MiRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease where a specific immunologic and genetic/epigenetic background is responsible for disease manifestations and course.
  • 375
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fracture Prediction
Despite many recent advances in imaging and epidemiological data analysis, musculoskeletal injuries continue to be a welfare issue in racehorses. Peptide biomarker studies have failed to consistently predict bone injury. Molecular profiling studies provide an opportunity to study equine musculoskeletal disease and potentially discover biomarkers to aid in prediction and diagnosis. 
  • 374
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
South American Sea Lion
The South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens) is a charismatic marine mammal found along the coasts of South America, from Peru to southern Brazil, including the Falkland Islands and Uruguay. Known for its large size, robust build, and distinctive "mane" of coarse hair around the neck of adult males, this species is a top predator in its marine ecosystem. With a diverse diet consisting of fish, squid, and crustaceans, the South American Sea Lion plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems along the South American coastline.
  • 374
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microtubular TRIM36 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
TRIM36 is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in cytoskeletal organization, and according to data gathered in different species, coordinates growth speed and stability, acting on the microtubules’ plus end, and impacting on cell cycle progression.
  • 372
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Video Processing for Physical Characteristics of Fishes
Acquiring the morphological parameters of fish with the traditional method (depending on human and non-automatic factors) not only causes serious problems, such as disease transmission, mortality due to stress, and carelessness and error, but it is also time-consuming and has low efficiency. 
  • 372
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Importance of Lentils
The legume family includes approximately 19,300 species across three large subfamilies, of which Papilionoideae stands out with 13,800 species. Lentils were one of the first crops to be domesticated by humans. They are diploid legumes that belong to the Papilionoidea subfamily and are of agricultural importance because of their resistance to drought and the fact that they grow in soil with a pH range of 5.5–9; therefore, they are cultivated in various types of soil, and so they have an important role in sustainable food and feed systems in many countries. In addition to their agricultural importance, lentils are a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They are key to human nutrition since they are an alternative to animal proteins, decreasing meat consumption. 
  • 372
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Black Soldier Fly Larvae Nutrients Digestibility and Bioavailability
The black soldier fly (BSF) is a distinct member of the Stratiomyidae family within the Diptera order. BSF, primarily thriving in South America, has adapted to a wide range of climates including temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions, with its ideal living conditions being temperatures between 25 °C and 30 °C. Outside of industrial production, they cannot live in northwestern Europe and locations with temperatures below 5 °C due to their inability to withstand the cold. Today, the BSF is estimated to inhabit over 80% of the world, particularly between latitudes 46 N and 42 S. Incredibly prolific in humid tropical areas, the BSF is drawn to regions abundant in decomposing organic materials.
  • 372
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
African Palm Civet
The African Palm Civet (Nandinia binotata) is a small, nocturnal mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa, known for its distinctive appearance and secretive behavior. With its sleek body, long tail, and mask-like facial markings, this elusive civet species is well adapted to life in the dense tropical forests and savannas of its range. Despite its relative obscurity, the African Palm Civet plays a significant ecological role as a predator of small vertebrates and a disperser of seeds, contributing to the biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics of its habitat.
  • 372
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Never-Ending Presence of Phytophthora Species in Italian Nurseries
Plant trade coupled with climate change has led to the increased spread of well-known and new Phytophthora species, a group of fungus-like organisms placed in the Kingdom Chromista. Their presence in plant nurseries is of particular concern because they are responsible for many plant diseases, with high environmental, economic and social impacts. This text offers a brief overview of the current status of Phytophthora species in European plant nurseries. Focus was placed on Italian sites. Despite the increasing awareness of the risk of Phytophthora spread and the management strategies applied for controlling it, the complexity of the Phytophthora community in the horticulture industry is increasing over time. Since the survey carried out by Jung et al., new Phytophthora taxa and Phytophthora-host associations were identified. Phytophthora hydropathica, P. crassamura, P. pseudocryptogea and P. meadii were reported for the first time in European plant nurseries, while P. pistaciae, P. mediterranea and P. heterospora were isolated from Italian ornamental nurseries. Knowledge of Phytophthora diversity in plant nurseries and the potential damage caused by them will help to contribute to the development of early detection methods and sustainable management strategies to control Phytophthora spread in the future.
  • 371
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Use of Propolis in Sustainable Agriculture
Propolis, also known as “bee glue”, is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. For centuries, propolis has been valued for its medicinal properties, primarily in human health applications.  The effectiveness of propolis in controlling common pests and diseases that affect crops, suppressing postharvest illnesses of fruits and vegetables, stimulating plant defenses and increasing stress resistance, is reviewed herein.
  • 371
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Trends in Smart Irrigation for Smart Agriculture
Smart agriculture and smart irrigation play a strategic role in agricultural production: not only they provide approaches to adapt to climate change, but also they contribute in ensuring food security, optimizing efficiency and minimizing or reducing environmental impact.  
  • 371
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
White Coat in the Domestic Horse
Traits such as shape, size, and color often influence the economic and sentimental value of a horse. Around the world, horses are bred and prized for the colors and markings that make their unique coat patterns stand out from the crowd. The underlying genetic mechanisms determining the color of a horse’s coat can vary greatly in their complexity.
  • 371
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
African Striped Weasel
The African Striped Weasel (Poecilogale albinucha) stands as a captivating and elusive mustelid, native to the African continent. With its distinct striped coat and unique features, this small carnivore contributes to the rich tapestry of African wildlife, occupying a specialized niche in the ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 371
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Camelina Meal as a Livestock Feed Ingredient
Camelina sativa is an annual oilseed crop that requires low inputs. Recently, interest in camelina oil for both human use and biofuel production has increased. Camelina meal can result in decreased dry matter (DM) intake; it has greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, as well as greater antinutritional factors than protein meal produced from some of the more commonly cultivated oilseeds. It is, however, still a viable feed ingredient in animal diets as a protein source.
  • 370
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gambian Mongoose
The Gambian Mongoose, scientifically known as Mungos gambianus, is a species of mongoose native to the African continent. Recognizable by its sleek, reddish-brown fur and long, tapering tail, this mongoose species inhabits a variety of habitats including forests, savannas, and agricultural areas. Highly adaptable and social animals, Gambian Mongooses are known for their cooperative hunting behavior and tight-knit family groups.
  • 370
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
MiRNA as Regulator in Malaria Host-Parasite Interaction
Malaria is a severe life-threatening disease caused by the bites of parasite-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a significant problem for the most vulnerable children and women. Research has helped establish the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and many other diseases. MiRNAs are the class of small non-coding RNAs consisting of 18–23 nucleotides in length that are evolutionarily conserved and regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and play a significant role in various molecular mechanisms such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation. MiRNAs can help detect malaria infection as the malaria parasite could alter the miRNA expression of the host. These alterations can be diagnosed by the molecular diagnostic tool that can indicate disease.
  • 369
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Wheat
Wheat has a large and diverse repertoire of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) involved in disease resistance, with over 1500 NLRs detected in some studies. These NLR genes occur as singletons or clusters containing copies of NLRs from different phylogenetic clades. The number of NLRs and cluster size can differ drastically among ecotypes and cultivars.
  • 369
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Crop Prices Factors in the Climate Change Context
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricultural production, which accelerates food shortages. The supply of agricultural commodities can be heavily influenced by climate change, which leads to climate-induced agricultural productivity shocks impacting crop prices.
  • 369
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 368
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Functional Role of Biogenic Amines in Social Insects
Insects, such as wasps, ants, and bees, can live in highly structured societies characterized by a complex organization. The functioning of these societies is achieved through the coordination of several individuals who can be involved in various tasks and whose numbers are regulated to respond to the overall colony status or needs. The regulatory mechanisms of social behavior are not fully unraveled, but molecules such as brain biogenic amines likely play a pivotal role.
  • 368
  • 06 May 2023
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