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Topic Review
Legume Protease Inhibitors as Biopesticides
Legumes can produce many different molecules in response to the attack of insects, nematodes, molds, bacteria, and viruses. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are proteins produced by legumes that inhibit proteolytic enzymes of phytopathogens, which cannot feed on the amino acids of the plant. Legume’s strategy to avoid phytopathogens can be used to produce biopesticides and eliminate or decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Impact of Biochar on Soil Properties
Biochar is a dark-black-colored, partially combusted (pyrolyzed), and recalcitrant compound which helps to enrich the nutrient balance and carbon stock in the soil. It is a porous carbonaceous sorbent generally produced from materials of biological origin (crops residues) which is formed after specific thermochemical conversions (pyrolysis) under limited oxygen supply conditions. Most frequently, biochar is a product of plant and agricultural residues derived biomass carrying oxygen-containing functional and aromatic groups.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Removal Strategies of Microplastic Pollution
Plastics have been one of the most useful materials in the world, due to their distinguishing characteristics: light weight, strength, flexibility, and good durability. In recent years, the growing consumption of plastics in industries and domestic applications has revealed a serious problem in plastic waste treatments. Pollution by microplastics has been recognized as a serious threat since it may contaminate all ecosystems, including oceans, terrestrial compartments, and the atmosphere. This micropollutant is spread in all types of environments and is serving as a “minor but efficient” vector for carrier contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The need to deeply study and update the evolution of microplastic sources, toxicology, extraction and analysis, behavior and removal strategies is imperative.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Compounds of Lead
Compounds of lead exist in two main oxidation states: +2 and +4. The former is more common. Inorganic lead(IV) compounds are typically strong oxidants or exist only in highly acidic solutions.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that is associated with a high risk of colon cancer as well as other cancers including endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin. The increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited mutations that impair DNA mismatch repair. It is a type of cancer syndrome. Because patients with Lynch syndrome can have polyps, the term HNPCC has fallen out of favor.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Cell Lines
Cell lines are in vitro model systems that are widely used in different fields of medical research, especially basic cancer research and drug discovery. Their usefulness is primarily linked to their ability to provide an indefinite source of biological material for experimental purposes. Under the right conditions and with appropriate controls, authenticated cancer cell lines retain most of the genetic properties of the cancer of origin. During the last few years, comparing genomic data of most cancer cell lines has corroborated this statement and those that were observed studying the tumoral tissue equivalents included in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Agents Against the Neurotoxicity
Cancer represents one of the most pernicious public health problems with a high mortality rate among patients worldwide. Chemotherapy is one of the major therapeutic approaches for the treatment of various malignancies. Platinum-based drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, etc.) are highly effective chemotherapeutic drugs used for the treatment of several types of malignancies, but their application and dosage are limited by their toxic effects on various systems, including neurotoxicity. Simultaneously, researchers have tried to improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients and decrease the toxicity of platinum-containing drugs by combining them with non-chemotherapy-based drugs, dietary supplements and/or antioxidants. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the root cause for the many side effects of platinum chemotherapeutics involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in naive cells. Therefore, suppression of ROS generation and their inactivation with antioxidants represents an appropriate approach for platinum drug-induced toxicities. The aim of this paper is to present an updated review of the protective effects of different antioxidant agents (vitamins, dietary antioxidants and supplements, medicaments, medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds) against the neurotoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics. This review highlights the high potential of plant antioxidants as adjuvant strategies in chemotherapy with platinum drugs.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Viroids
Viroids are one of the most inscrutable single-stranded, structured, circular RNA pathogens of plants as well as the smallest infectious agents ever known. Despite being incapable of coding for any proteins, viroids affect susceptible plant hosts with visually discernible symptoms resembling those induced by several plant viruses. Diener, 1967, 1971 discovered and exemplified the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd), the first viroid ever known. He coined the term “viroid” to represent this diminutive, naked, protein-free, circular RNA plant pathogen. This conceptualization of the viroid was further substantiated by Sänger, 1972 as well as Semancik and Weathers, 1972, who identified the citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) that is responsible for causing the citrus exocortis disease. Another viroid, the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is also one of the viroids initially identified. 
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Transformation in Energy Sector and Power Industry
Digital transformation is a phenomenon introduced by the transformative power of digital technologies, and it has become a key driver for the energy sector, with advancements in technology leading to significant changes in the way energy is produced, transmitted, and consumed. The impact of digital transformation on the energy sector is profound, with benefits such as improved efficiency, cost reduction, and enhanced customer experience.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing System
Increased consumption of vegetables has been recommended worldwide as a part of a healthy diet; therefore, determining gene function among breeding materials is crucial for vegetable improvement to meet the sustainable development of new vegetable varieties. However, genetic transformation is time-consuming and laborious, which limits the exploration of gene function for various vegetable crops. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) can perform large-scale and rapid gene silencing in plants due to a reduction in the experimental period and its independence from the stable genetic transformation, providing an excellent opportunity for functional research. 
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
External Costs of Inland Transport
Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Architectural Reprogramming
Architectural reprogramming is recognized as a growing, analytical and problem-based approach in the design process in which the subject of design/redesign is an entity of urban or architectural heritage. The ''RE'' nature of architectural programming encourage its new rehabilitation from a strictly developmental perspective to one that deals with creating a new functional order within the existing inherited spatial framework with the aim to provide a sustainable configuration of activities, spaces and relationships.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Undue Influence
Undue influence (UI) is a psychological process by which a person's free will is supplanted by that of another. It is a legal term and the strict definition varies by jurisdiction. Generally speaking, it is a means by which a person gains control over their victim's decision making through tactics and unfair pressure, typically for financial gain. Historically, UI has been poorly understood, even in legal circles. Undue influence occurs behind closed doors and there are often no witnesses. UI is typically perpetrated by a person trusted by the victim and is dependent on them for emotional and physical needs. Anyone may be guilty of undue influence and is often a paid or unpaid caregiver, but may also be an attorney, accountant, nursing home attendant, neighbor, or even the victims' children. Undue influence is a process, not a single event; the influencer may spend weeks, months, or even years "grooming" and manipulating their victim. Anyone is susceptible to undue influence, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable. A distinction is made between the nature of capacity and undue influence. In assessing capacity, the practitioner evaluates an individual's ability to competently perform tasks (e.g., execute a will or give medical consent). These assessments give insight to the functioning of the cognitive capabilities at that moment in time. Conversely, screening for undue influence is focused on the process of events which occur over an extended period. To determine whether another person is leveraging unfair tactics on the victim, an assessment particular to undue influence is required. Undue influence occurs in various circumstances including: domestic violence, hostage situations, cults, prisoners of war, and dictatorships. The common theme among these situations is the aspect of psychological manipulation. Traumatic bonding occurs between the victim and the influencer, as a result, victims are unaware they're being manipulated and will often defend the perpetrator. Gaining independence from the influencer is required if the victim is to recover from the effects of UI, much like victim's of Stockholm syndrome, cults, and kidnapping. The effectiveness of cult tactics on young and healthy individuals illustrates that anyone, regardless of mental status, is a potential victim of UI under certain circumstances. Elderly Americans are living longer, and with this increased life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive disorders associated with advanced age has also increased. A significant concentration of wealth is controlled by this aging demographic. As modern families become more complex and dispersed, and people are living longer, the likelihood of will contests involving undue influence is expected to increase.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diplodocid
Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae ("double beams"), are a group of sauropod dinosaurs. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the Earth, including Diplodocus and Supersaurus, some of which may have reached lengths of up to 34 metres (112 ft).
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori Infection, Pathogenicity, and Therapeutic Advances
A primer on Helicobacter pylori virulence factors, pathogenicity, gastric conditions that are caused by infection, and treatment modalities.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Synthesis of Pyran Derivatives
Heterogeneous catalysis (HC) has become a valuable means for designing sustainable production protocols to obtain superior intermediates, synthons, and potent bioactive heterocycles. The heterogeneous catalysts proved economical and eco-friendly due to the effectiveness of non-hazardous metals for constructing nanomaterials for atom-economical organic reactions. Heterogeneous catalysts significantly affected scientific and industrial innovations due to their tuneable textural properties, flexible acid-base characteristics, higher thermal stability, and improved reusability, with their excellent performance over their enormous counterparts.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
PET-Based Criteria for Response Assessment in Lymphoma
Criteria for response assessment in lymphoma have deeply evolved in the last decade, assigning an outstanding role to FDG-PET/CT. This path starts from the first lymphoma specific CT-based criteria and leads towards the PET-based Lugano Classification, that, nowadays, represents the gold standard. LYRIC (Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria) criteria, the recent refinement of the Lugano Classification, were conceived to capture new patterns of response (delayed response and pseudoprogression) observed during treatment with novel immunotherapy agents that have entered the clinic.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Parenteral Nutrition and Sepsis
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is recommended in malnourished patients or those at risk of malnutrition in some conditions—such as gut functional unavailability or gut physical inaccessibility. The lipids are sepsis risk factors in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. 
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Tannins
There are diverse challenges in the poultry production industry that decrease the productivity and efficiency of poultry production, impair animal welfare, and pose issues to public health. Furthermore, the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in feed, which have been used to improve the growth performance and gut health of chickens, has been restricted in many countries. Tannins, polyphenolic compounds that precipitate proteins, are considered as alternatives for AGP in feed and provide solutions to mitigate challenges in poultry production due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gut health promoting effects. However, because high dosages of tannins have antinutritional effects when fed to poultry, determining appropriate dosages of supplemental tannins is critical for their potential implementation as a solution for the challenges faced in poultry production.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
In Situ Polymerization for Composites
Due to the extremely low viscosity of the cyclic lactams and the superior mechanical properties of the polymers obtained from them, these materials have great potential for application in different liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques. Unsurprisingly, extensive academic research has been conducted over the past years to investigate possible industrial applications of anionically polymerized thermoplastic composites (TPCs) reinforced with glass, carbon, aramid, or natural fibers. It is important to remember that enormous progress has been made in the development of machinery and materials. There are different types of reactive processes for obtaining Nylon-6 composites; some of the main technologies are presented.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 May 2022
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