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Topic Review
The HPA Axis and Dreaming
This is an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). Results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations) are presented.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
A-FABP in Metabolic Diseases
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), which is also known as ap2 or FABP4, is a fatty acid chaperone that has been further defined as a fat-derived hormone. It regulates lipid homeostasis and is a key mediator of inflammation. Circulating levels of A-FABP are closely associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic diseases with imminent diagnostic and prognostic significance. Numerous animal studies have elucidated the potential underlying mechanisms involving A-FABP in these diseases. Recent studies demonstrated its physiological role in the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis and its pathological roles in ischemic stroke and liver fibrosis. Due to its implication in various diseases, A-FABP has become a promising target for the development of small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies for disease treatment. This review summarizes the clinical and animal findings of A-FABP in the pathogenesis of cardio-metabolic diseases in recent years.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Penetrable Peptide-Conjugated FADD protein
Peptide mediated intracellular delivery of FADD protein, efficiently expressed in the cytosol and target core pro-tumorigenic NFκB signaling to restrict cancer cells proliferation. This approach has the potential to design strategies for targeted delivery of proteins inside the cells, which might be useful in cancer therapeutics.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Exosome binding/uptake mediated by Integrin
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) of endocytic origin that are released by virtually all cells in multicellular organisms and carry out important intercellular communication functions through the transfer of their biomolecular cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites, between the producing and the recipient/target cells [1]. Exosomes produced by cancer cells have been shown to influence many processes related to cancer progression and metastasis, such as tumor cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment promotion and remodelling, chemotherapy resistance, and immune suppression (recently reviewed in [2,3,4]).
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Indicaxanthin Bioactivity in Health and Disease
Indicaxanthin is a dietary, highly bioavailable phytochemical from cactus pear fruit, with nutraceutical potential. Studies in healthy, transformed cells and whole organisms suggest health-promoting activities, particularly in counteracting inflammation and regulating mechanisms that control cell growth and longevity. In vitro evidence to date does not provide a unified picture of the molecular mechanisms mediating the action of Indicaxanthin; rather different mechanisms have emerged in relation to different stimuli and conditions in both healthy and transformed cells. Many of the activities appear to be geared toward restoring cellular redox homeostasis, correcting dysfunction generated by oxidative stress, and modulating signaling pathways that control vital processes in healthy cells; other activities, apparently independent of cellular redox balance, have also been observed.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Immune Endocannabinoid System
Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the ECS, an entity that consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and their synthesizing/degrading enzymes, have been associated with both tumor growth and rejection. Immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endocannabinoids, thereby forming an “immune endocannabinoid system”. Although in vitro effects of exogenous cannabinoids on immune cells are well described, the role of the ECS in the TME, and hence in tumor development and immunotherapy, is still elusive.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Glycosphingolipid Antigens and Human Diseases
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are composed of a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide and a ceramide and function as constituents of cell membranes. Various molecular species of GSLs have been identified in mammalian cells due to differences in the structures of oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharide structure can vary depending on cell lineage, differentiation stage, and pathology; this property can be used as a cell identification marker. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell growth and proliferation. Upregulation of the IGF1R pathway constitutes a common paradigm shared with other receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, HER2, and MET in different cancer types, including colon cancer. The main IGF1R signaling pathways are PI3K-AKT and MAPK-MEK. However, different processes, such as post-translational modification (SUMOylation), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and microenvironment complexity, can also contribute to intrinsic and acquired resistance.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Preventing and Treating Cancer by Green Tea Catechins
Green tea’s (Camellia sinensis) anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects are well-known. Catechins are the most effective antioxidants among the physiologically active compounds found in Camellia sinesis. Catechins have the ability to effectively neutralize reactive oxygen species. The catechin derivatives of green tea include epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG has the greatest anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. Notably, catechins in green tea have been explored for their ability to prevent a variety of cancers.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases
Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids’ potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity
Alcohol is one of the commonly used drugs. Ethanol, together with its derivatives and metabolites, exhibits diverse direct and indirect toxic effects, which are responsible for damage to many organs. This toxicity depends on many factors, such as dose, gender, associated comorbidities, or genetic predisposition.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing and Isoforms
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a key mechanism for increasing the complexity of proteins in humans, causing a diversity of expression of transcriptomes and proteomes in a tissue-specific manner. Alternative splicing is an essential process in post-transcriptional mRNA processing, and produces various mature mRNAs with different structures and functions.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Evaluating Enzymatic Productivity
Kinetic productivity analysis is critical to the characterization of enzyme catalytic performance and capacity. Enzymatic productivity is a measure of product formation or substrate disappearance over time, at a prescribed temperature under specified reaction conditions. It is the only measure which reliably summarizes the durability and reaction yield (a measure of the conversion of substrate) of an enzymatic process. Kinetic productivity analysis can be employed to assess the catalytic capacity of genetically and chemically modified variants, whole cells, the effect of immobilization carriers on productivity, difference between isoforms isolated from a range of organisms or tissues, and the effect of reaction solution additives.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chitosans and Nanochitosans
Chitosan displays a dual function, acting as both an active ingredient and/or carrier for pharmaceutical bioactive molecules and metal ions. Its hydroxyl- and amino-reactive groups and acetylation degree can be used to adjust this biopolymer’s physicochemical and pharmacological properties in different forms, including scaffolds, nanoparticles, fibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels, among others. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cofilin Signaling
Three ADF/cofilin family members are expressed in mammals: ADF, cofilin-1, and cofilin-2. The first member ADF (also known as destrin), encoded by the gene DSTN in humans, was initially identified in the chick brain. Cofilin was discovered as an actin-interacting protein in the porcine brain. Later, Ono et al. identified two mammalian variants of cofilin, non-muscle type (also known as cofilin-1 and n-cofilin) and muscle type (also known as cofilin-2 and m-cofilin). In humans, cofilin-1 and cofilin-2 are encoded by the genes CFL1 and CFL2, respectively. Different isoforms of ADF/cofilin have qualitatively similar but quantitatively different effects on actin dynamics. To be noted, both ADF and cofilin show cooperative binding with actin filaments. Interestingly, cofilin-1 comprises almost 90% of the total ADF/cofilin family in CNS. Cofilin can bind to both G-actin and F-actin, exhibiting stronger affinities for the ADP-bound actins than the ATP- or ADP-Pi-bound forms. Cofilin binding to F-actin induces actin subunit rotation, enhances Pi release along the filament, and promotes filament severing in a concentration-dependent manner.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Glaucoma Pathophysiology
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that represents the major cause of irreversible blindness.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Ras Isoforms
The central protein in the oncogenic circuitry is the Ras GTPase that has been under intense scrutiny for the last four decades.  The complexity of the Ras functioning is further exemplified by the fact that the three canonical Ras genes encode for four protein isoforms (H-Ras, K-Ras4A, K-Ras4B, and N-Ras).
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Protein-based Subunit Nanovaccine
Protein-based subunit nanovaccines are typically composed of native or altered protein antigens that can self-assemble into nanoparticles, or antigens associated with nanoparticles through covalent or noncovalent interactions. Characteristically, nanovaccines are 1 to 1000 nm in size which generally facilitates the induction of stronger immune responses.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Microsamples
Although the application of microsamples in metabolic phenotyping exists, it is still in its infancy, with whole blood being overwhelmingly the primary biofluid collected through the collection method of dried blood spots. Research into the metabolic phenotyping of microsamples is limited; however, with advances in commercially available microsampling devices, common barriers such as volumetric inaccuracies and the ‘haematocrit effect’ in dried blood spot microsampling can be overcome.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics
Long noncoding RNAs exceeding a length of 200 nucleotides play an important role in ensuring cell functions and proper organism development by interacting with cellular compounds such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins. However, there is an additional level of lncRNA regulation, called lncRNA epigenetics, in gene expression control.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
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