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Topic Review
IUGR and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Porcine Hippocampus
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus during pregnancy due to deficient maternal nutrition or oxygen supply. Supplementation of a mother’s diet with antioxidants, such as hydroxytyrosol (HTX), has been proposed to ameliorate the adverse phenotypes of IUGR. 
  • 492
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Leptospira in Slaughtered Fattening Pigs in Southern Italy
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis occurring worldwide, caused by pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, transmitted through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or a urine-contaminated environment. It has a negative economic impact on farm animals, causing economic losses and serious human diseases and mortality.
  • 492
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cover Crops for Weed Management
Cover crops are an important component of integrated weed management programs in annual and perennial cropping systems because of their weed suppressive abilities. They influence weed populations using different mechanisms of plant interaction which can be facilitative or suppressive. However, the question often arises if cover crops can be solely relied upon for weed management or not. The most common methods of weed suppression by an actively growing cover crop include competition for limited plant growth resources that result in reduced weed biomass, seed production, and hence reductions in the addition of seeds to the soil seedbank. Cover crop mulches suppress weeds by reducing weed seedling emergence through allelopathic effects or physical effects of shading. However, there is a great degree of variability in the success or failure of cover crops in suppressing weeds that are influenced by the cover crop species, time of planting, cover crop densities and biomass, time of cover crop termination, the cash crop following in the rotation, and the season associated with several climatic variables.
  • 492
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bengal Fox
The Bengal Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) emerges as a fascinating and resilient member of the carnivore collection, thriving across the Indian subcontinent. This small canid, known for its distinctive appearance and adaptability, navigates diverse landscapes from grasslands to urban environments.
  • 492
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor as Biomarker in Breast Cancer
Biomarkers can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction in targeted therapy. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are standard biomarkers used in breast cancer for guiding disease treatment. The androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear hormone receptor, contributes to the development and progression of prostate tumors and other cancers. With increasing evidence to support that AR plays an essential role in breast cancer, AR has been considered a useful biomarker in breast cancer, depending on the context of breast cancer sub-types. The existing survival analyses suggest that AR acts as a tumor suppressor in ER + ve breast cancers, serving as a favorable prognostic marker. However, AR functions as a tumor promoter in ER-ve breast cancers, including HER2 + ve and triple-negative (TNBC) breast cancers, serving as a poor prognostic factor. AR has also been shown to be predictive of the potential of response to adjuvant hormonal therapy in ER + ve breast cancers and to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC.  All contents are adapted from You, C.-P.; Leung, M.-H.; Tsang, W.-C.; Khoo, U.-S.; Tsoi, H. Androgen Receptor as an Emerging Feasible Biomarker for Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010072
  • 491
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
White-tailed Mongoose
The White-tailed Mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda) is a captivating carnivorous mammal native to the African continent, distinguished by its striking white-tipped tail and sleek, slender physique. Inhabiting a variety of habitats, from woodlands to grasslands, this elusive mongoose species plays a vital role in the ecosystems it calls home.
  • 491
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Narrow-striped Mongoose
The Narrow-striped Mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) is a small carnivorous mammal native to Madagascar. With its slender body, distinctive narrow stripes running along its back, and elongated snout, the Narrow-striped Mongoose is easily recognizable. It inhabits various forest habitats across Madagascar and is known for its elusive nature and solitary behavior.
  • 490
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Unravelling Plant Cell Death in Host Plants
Pathogens within the oomycete genus Phytophthora are among some of the most destructive plant pathogens globally, causing disease and significant losses in important agricultural and forestry crops, damaging the environment, as well as impeding attempts to mitigate climate change. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. 
  • 489
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Damaging Behaviours and Health in Laying Hens
Animals' behavior and their health are directly related. In intensive breeding systems, animals often develop damaging behaviors. The reasons for the occurrence are most often the consequences of farm breeding conditions in which the living needs of animals are not fully met. Harmful behaviors in laying hens have been studied for a long time, to find the best possible compromise between the breeding system and the living needs of poultry.
  • 488
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animals
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the main concerns worldwide, signalled by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the top 10 global public health threats in 2019. Indeed, the prevalence of multi-resistant bacteria and the difficulty of treating bacterial infections in both animals and humans have increased in recent years. Moreover, AMR is considered a One Health issue, as it englobes animal, human and environmental health.
  • 488
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Grandidier's Mongoose
Grandidier's mongoose (Galidictis grandidieri) (Figure 1) is a rare and elusive carnivore native to Madagascar. Named after the French naturalist Alfred Grandidier, this mongoose species is distinguished by its slender body, short legs, and long, bushy tail. Endemic to Madagascar's dry deciduous forests, Grandidier's mongoose is known for its solitary and nocturnal habits, making it a challenging species to study in its natural habitat.
  • 488
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
C. Europaea Extracts
Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. (C. europaea), is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) in Morocco. 
  • 487
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Coffee Consumption and Insulin Resistance and Sensitivity
Long-term coffee consumption has a nonsignificant effect on insulin resistance and sensitivity. 
  • 487
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Toxic Mechanism of Fumonisins
Fumonisins are widely found in animal feed, feed raw materials, and human food. This can not only cause economic losses in animal husbandry but can also have carcinogenicity or teratogenicity and can be left in animal meat, eggs, and milk which may enter the human body and pose a serious threat to human health. Fumonisins cause a variety of toxic effects to organisms including autophagy, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, tissue and organ toxicity, and carcinogenicity. They can not only cause disease alone but also have a combined toxic effect with other mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The toxicity of fumonisins is a very complex process. Previous studies report that fumonisins exert their toxicity by modulating sphingolipid metabolism and inducing oxidative stress 
  • 487
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Overcompensation: an Ideal Breeding Target?
The phenomenon of overcompensation has been reported in various plant species although it has been treated by some as isolated incidents with only limited values. Reviewing reports on the extensive studies of defoliation in maize showed that different genotypes respond differently to defoliation, varying from phenomenal increase to significant loss in grain yield. The different responses of maize in kernel yield among genotypes to defoliation are confirmed in our experiments conducted in both China and Australia.
  • 486
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Placental Amino Acid Transport
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with reduced placental amino acid transport (AAT). However, it remains to be established if changes in AAT contribute to restricted fetal growth. We hypothesized that reduced in vivo placental AAT precedes the development of IUGR in baboons with maternal nutrient restriction (MNR). Baboons were fed either a control (ad libitum) or MNR diet (70% of control diet) from gestational day (GD) 30. At GD 140, in vivo transplacental AA transport was measured by infusing nine (13)C- or (2)H-labeled essential amino acids (EAAs) as a bolus into the maternal circulation at cesarean section. A fetal vein-to-maternal artery mole percent excess ratio for each EAA was measured. Microvillous plasma membrane (MVM) system A and system L transport activity were determined. Fetal and placental weights were not significantly different between MNR and control. In vivo, the fetal vein-to-maternal artery mole percent excess ratio was significantly decreased for tryptophan in MNR. MVM system A and system L activity was markedly reduced in MNR. Reduction of in vivo placental amino acid transport precedes fetal growth restriction in the non-human primate, suggesting that reduced placental amino acid transfer may contribute to IUGR.
  • 486
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tail-Biting in Pigs
Tail-biting is globally recognized as a welfare concern for commercial swine production. Substantial research has been undertaken to identify risk factors and intervention methods to decrease and understand this vice. Tail-biting appears to be multifactorial and has proven difficult to predict and control. 
  • 485
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pig FUT3 Methylation Regulates E. coli F18 Susceptibility
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is frequently associated with E. coli F18 infections in piglets. However, the underlying molecular mechanism concerning the resistance of E. coli F18 in local weaned piglets in China is not clearly understood. In the present study, our findings indicated that the methylation of mC-3 and mC-5 sites has certain inhibitory effect on FUT3 expression and promotes the resistance of E. coli F18 in piglets. The underlined study may explore FUT3 as a new candidate target in E. coli F18 infection in Chinese local weaned piglets.
  • 484
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anthocyanin Acylation in North American Grapes
Hydroxycinnamylated anthocyanins (or simply ‘acylated anthocyanins’) increase color stability in grape products, such as wine.
  • 484
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chinese College Students’ Attitudes towards Animal Welfare
College students, specifically from veterinary, animal, agricultural, and life sciences majors represent the future professionals who will closely work with animal industry stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to understand their attitudes towards animals and their knowledge about animal welfare. A survey on Chinese college students was conducted across different majors and Chinese geographical regions to understand their attitude towards the animal Sentient and the Five Freedoms models for pets, laboratory, farm, and wild animals. Most of the respondents exhibited a good attitude towards both the animal Sentient and the Five Freedoms models, with best scoring for pet animals followed by wild animals. Respondents showed less concerns towards farm and laboratory animals. A previous animal welfare education, the ownership of animals, and the participation in laboratory work involving animals positively influenced the attitude of the respondents towards animal welfare. 
  • 484
  • 25 Jan 2022
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