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Topic Review
Autonomous Navigation of Robots
In the field of artificial intelligence, control systems for mobile robots have undergone significant advancements, particularly within the realm of autonomous learning.
  • 935
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Architecture-Level Optimization on Silicon Photomultipliers
Sensors based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are nowadays employed in a wide variety of single-photon counting and fast-timing applications, e.g., high-energy physics; time of flight (TOF) ranging and 3D imaging; Raman spectroscopy; and bio-medicine, including fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy and positron emission tomography (PET), to name a few. SiPMs are the most common sensors in PET applications, where they detect the light produced by the interaction between gamma photons and scintillator crystals. 
  • 934
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Low-Toxicity Perovskite Applications
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with earth-abundant carbon as an effective replacer for unstable hole transporting materials and expensive electrodes is a recently proposed structure promising better air and moisture stability.
  • 930
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Combined Heat and Power-Based Microgrids
The microgrid has emerged to reduce centralized generation problems and make structural changes to power systems. Parallel operation of distributed generation (DG) units, combined heat and power (CHP) units, and energy storage in the microgrids reduces environmental pollution, operation costs, and increases the reliability of energy systems. 
  • 930
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Flexible Planar Monopole Antenna
Flexible antennas consist of a dielectric material (which works as the substrate) and a conductive material (which can be used as a radiating element and/or ground plane).
  • 924
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Irreversible Electroporation in Oncology
Locoregional therapies play an ever-increasing role in contemporary oncology. Researchers provide an up-to-date, informed analysis of locoregional therapies harnessing electric pulses. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), gene electrotransfer (GET), electrochemotherapy (ECT), calcium electroporation (Ca-EP), and tumour-treating fields (TTF) are integral to the therapeutic strategy in several solid tumours, ranging from skin cancers to visceral and bone metastases.
  • 922
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Classical Gas Identification Algorithms for Gas Sensor Array
Electronic noses have been applied in various fields, such as food quality, environmental assessment, coal mine risk prediction, and disease diagnosis. Algorithms can be useful to enhance the performance of the electronic noses, such as correcting drift and predict the exact concentration of each gas in mixtures.
  • 921
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Power Grid Infrastructural Resilience against Extreme Events
Extreme weather events are one of the main causes of large-scale power outages in distribution systems. The changing climate has led to an increase in the frequency and severity of these events, which, if not mitigated, are expected to lead to more instances of widespread outages and the severe societal and economic damages that ensue. Protecting the power grid against such events, which are high impact yet low frequency, requires a paradigm shift in grid design practices.
  • 920
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning
High-precision positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has garnered increased interest due to growing demand in various applications, like autonomous car navigation and precision agriculture. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) offers a distinct advantage over differential techniques by enabling precise position determination of a GNSS rover receiver through the use of external corrections sourced from either the Internet or dedicated correction satellites. However, PPP’s implementation has been challenging due to the need to mitigate numerous GNSS error sources, many of which are eliminated in differential techniques such as Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) or overlooked in Standard Point Positioning (SPP).
  • 919
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microelectrodes in the Electrophysiological Neural Probes
Electrophysiological neural probes already have mature tools at different scales; patch clamps, which can record electrical activities at a single-cell scale, are the best tool for studying ion channel activity. With the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, high-density Si-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have successfully realized the recording of high-throughput and high time resolution of brain electrical signals.
  • 918
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Using Photonics to Detect COVID-19-Virus
Photonics techniques are the science of energy generating, detecting, and transmitting information using light, applying it in every part of life, from microscopy to optical communications. Likewise, it includes cutting-edge applications of lasers, optics, fiber optics, and electro-optical systems in a wide variety of areas of technology, including engineering, healthcare, telecommunications, environmental control, national security, aerospace, and solid-state illumination. As a result, this technique has opened up new challenges in different fields.
  • 917
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plasmonic Circuitry
Plasmonics is the study of plasmons, quasiparticles of plasma oscillation in solids such as metals, semi-metals, metal oxides, nitrides, doped semiconductors, etc. An effort is currently being made to implement plasmons in electric circuits, or in an electric circuit analog, to combine the size efficiency of electronics with the data capacity of photonic integrated circuits. Plasmonics can be understood as "light-on-metal-dielectric-interfaces," where electrons oscillate at the surface of a metal due to strong resonant interactions with the electric field of incident light. Due to the high scattering rate of electrons, ohmic losses in plasmonic signals are generally large, which limits the signal transfer distances to the sub-centimeter range, unless hybrid optoplasmonic light guiding networks, or plasmon gain amplification are used. Both surface plasmon polaritons propagating along the metal-dielectric interfaces and localized surface plasmon modes supported by metal nanoparticles are characterized by large momentum values, which enable strong resonant enhancement of the local density of photon states, and can be utilized to enhance weak optical effects of opto-electronic devices.
  • 917
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sensing Capabilities of Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric materials are widely employed in precision motion due to their distinctive advantages such as quick response, high displacement resolution, high stiffness, high actuating force, and little heat generation.
  • 916
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
A Light-Electric-Vehicle Batteries Maintenance Tool
This work proposes an open-hardware low-cost battery maintenance tool architecture that can be used with common laboratory instruments. The tool is based on a relay matrix and a battery monitor integrated circuit. It is able to completely characterize and optimize the state of a battery independently of the battery management system and also gives a figure of the individual aging of the battery cells. The work shows the architecture and the experimental validation of a 16-cells battery maintenance tool prototype. The results demonstrate that utilizing the tool brings the battery to the best possible state and identifies the degradation of the cells in terms of capacity and resistance.
  • 915
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance
Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance (MR) is a promising technique for the noninvasive assessment of the regional cardiac metabolism since it permits heart physiology studies in pig and mouse models. 
  • 913
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Unisys ICON
The ICON was a computer built specifically for use in schools, to fill a standard created by the Ontario Ministry of Education. It was based on the Intel 80186 CPU and ran an early version of QNX, a Unix-like operating system. The system was packaged as an all-in-one machine similar to the Commodore PET, and included a trackball for mouse-like control. Over time a number of GUI-like systems appeared for the platform, based on the system's NAPLPS-based graphics system. The ICON was widely used, mostly in high schools in the mid to late 1980s, but disappeared after that time with the widespread introduction of PCs and Apple Macintoshes. They were also known as the CEMCorp ICON, Burroughs ICON, and finally Unisys ICON when Burroughs and Sperry Corporation merged to form Unisys in 1986. The machine was also nicknamed the bionic beaver.
  • 910
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Energy Market
Electricity generation using distributed renewable energy systems is becoming increasingly common due to the significant increase in energy demand and the high operation of conventional power systems with fossil fuels. Microgrids are rapidly becoming attractive because they assist in reducing the load congestion on the traditional power system, have a less environmental impact, intensify the power generation capacity, are easy to install, offer localized generation to the consumers, and are highly efficient with increased reliability.
  • 909
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pig Movement Estimation
Pig husbandry constitutes a significant segment within the broader framework of livestock farming, with porcine well-being emerging as a paramount concern due to its direct implications on pig breeding and production. An easily observable proxy for assessing the health of pigs lies in their daily patterns of movement. The daily movement patterns of pigs can be used as an indicator of their health, in which more active pigs are usually healthier than those who are not active, providing farmers with knowledge of identifying pigs’ health state before they become sick or their condition becomes life-threatening. However, the conventional means of estimating pig mobility largely rely on manual observations by farmers, which is impractical in the context of contemporary centralized and extensive pig farming operations. In response to these challenges, multi-object tracking and pig behavior methods are adopted to monitor pig health and welfare closely.
  • 909
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Risks of Electric Vehicle Integration into Smart Cities
The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart cities presents a promising opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing urban sustainability. However, there are significant risks and challenges associated with the integration of EVs into smart cities, which must be carefully considered.
  • 906
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Energy Systems in Southern African Development Community
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region includes all the countries located in the southernmost region of Africa, with the Democratic Republic of Congo on the northern boundary of the region. In 2017, more than 341 million people were living in SADC, representing around 33% of SSA’s total population of 1.02 billion, and with an annual growth rate of 2%.  Hydropower is the main renewable energy source in most member states, including Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zambia. Therefore, to accelerate energy access for a higher share of the population, countries like South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe are continuing to exploit mainly non-renewable energy sources, particularly coal. Additionally, SADC needs to face the reduction of GHG emissions to ensure sustainability, and to this end, every effort should be made to guarantee carbon neutrality and a zero-carbon economy.
  • 905
  • 04 Nov 2022
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