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Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet and Resistance Training
Ketogenic diets (KDs) aim at inducing physiological ketosis (i.e., an increase in the concentration of ketone bodies in blood, usually above >0.5 mmol/L) through a marked reduction in carbohydrate intake (commonly <50 g/d or <10% of total energy intake). KDs have gained popularity in recent years among athletes. By virtue of the restriction they induce in carbohydrate availability, KDs promote the use of ketone bodies (i.e., acetoacetate, acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) as an alternative energy substrate for different body tissues. Owing to the low carbohydrate availability induced by this type of diet, KDs induce a metabolic switch towards a greater reliance on fatty acids, which are required for the production of ketone bodies. 
  • 954
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bempedoic Acid and Statins in Lipid-Lowering Strategy
Pharmacological research has led to the development of a new drug, the bempedoic acid, which further enrich the available therapies. This drug also acts on the biosynthesis of cholesterol but at upstream level than statins. From the biochemical point of view, it has the potential to be considered before the statin with consequent titration of statins to achieve the desirable LDL-C target. 
  • 948
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Participatory Action Research for Sexual and Reproductive Health
Youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health (SRH) interventions are essential for the health of adolescents (10–19 years). Co-designing is a participatory approach to research, allowing for collaboration with academic and non-academic stakeholders in intervention development. Participatory action research (PAR) involves stakeholders throughout the planning, action, observation, and reflection stages of research. Current knowledge indicates that co-producing SRH interventions with adolescents increases a feeling of ownership, setting the scene for intervention adoption in implementation settings. 
  • 942
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Cigarette and COVID-19 Pandemic
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) continue to be considered an alternate model of curbing smoking addiction. The presence of various electronic vaping products used as solvent carriers, flavorings, addictive substances, and their byproducts may lead to vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The continuing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has initiated a global health emergency with the ongoing crisis related to vaccination, therapy, and diagnosis. Patients with a history of using e-cigarettes could have overlapping clinical symptoms of COVID-19, thereby leading to incorrect or delayed diagnosis and consequently, wrong treatment regimen. The diagnosis of EVALI during the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for treatment in these patients, and it is important to bring awareness to young adults and adolescents against the adverse effect of e-cigarettes containing addictive substances during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 940
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Reproductive Medicine
Infertility is a global health issue affecting women and men of reproductive age with increasing incidence worldwide, in part due to greater awareness and better diagnosis. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are considered the ultimate step in the treatment of infertility. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been progressively used in the many fields of medicine, integrating knowledge and computer science through machine learning algorithms. AI has the potential to improve infertility diagnosis and ART outcomes estimated as pregnancy and/or live birth rate, especially with recurrent ART failure.
  • 934
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Copper and Copper/Zinc Ratio in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients require a stable and sufficient supply of micronutrients. Since copper is an essential micronutrient for human development, studies are carried out to investigate the serum copper levels, serum copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratios, and their relationship with nutritional indicators in a group of CF patients. There was no significant correlation between the serum copper concentrations and respiratory and pancreatic function, respiratory colonization, and the results of the abdominal ultrasound. 
  • 930
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating a variety of age-related conditions, including ageing frailty. MSCs can differentiate into different cell lineages and secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, that contain bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can deliver cargo to target cells and influence cellular processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, promoting tissue repair and regeneration.
  • 924
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease
Saliva is a useful biomarker for diagnosing oral health conditions, including periodontal disease (PD). Smoking is a risk factor for PD. Smokers had increased levels of malondialdehyde, sialic acid, salivary cortisol, salivary interleukin 1β, albumin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP), and the pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), as well as decreased levels of superoxide dismutase, activity of lactate dehydrogenase, activity of enzyme activity of β-glucuronidase, uric acid, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8)/TIMP-1 ratio, and combinations of MMP-8 and ICTP. However, mixed results were observed some studies in detecting glutathione peroxidase, MMP-8, and MMP-14. The results were interpreted with caution because of limitations in the number of included studies and the study design. Some salivary biomarkers are potentially useful in combination or alone for diagnosing PD. 
  • 910
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Third-Generation Antipsychotics and Lurasidone in Substance-Induced Psychoses Treatment
Substance-induced psychosis (SIP) is a psychiatric condition triggered by substance misuse or withdrawal, characterized by unique features distinct from those of primary psychotic disorders. These distinctive features include a heightened prevalence of positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, in addition to a spectrum of mood and cognitive disturbances. 
  • 908
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cannabis Use
Cannabis is a natural drug that humans have been consuming for over 4000 years for medicinal, industrial and ritual purposes. More than 400 chemical compounds can be found in the cannabis plant, of which at least 144 are cannabinoids. Among the cannabinoid compounds, the most important one is tetrahydrocannabinol or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Recently, the increase in its use, both medicinal and recreational, its progressive legalization and the change in the cannabis market have caused a greater interest in the research of this drug.
  • 905
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
30-Year Development of Inactivated Virus Vaccine in China
Inactivated vaccines are vaccines made from inactivated pathogens, typically achieved by using chemical or physical methods to destroy the virus’s ability to replicate. This type of vaccine can induce the immune system to produce an immune response against specific pathogens, thus protecting the body from infection.
  • 901
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Preoperative Dietary Interventions in Patients with Excess Weight/Obesity
Preoperative VLCD and LCD interventions provided for one to three weeks to patients with overweight, obesity, higher amounts of visceral fat, or liver steatosis have potential to reduce operating time and blood loss during non-bariatric elective surgeries within the abdominal cavity, such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver resection, and gastrectomy. Although the benefits were likely in studies that used dietary interventions longer than three weeks in other surgery types, they were less clear due to the lack of comparator groups and common surgical endpoints.
  • 896
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Community Health Workers’ Preparedness for ICT
Globally, community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly viewed as an integral part of the health system as opposed to simply being an extension of it. Given this view, most low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) have refocused their efforts on reorganising CHW initiatives to maximise their impact. In 2011, the South African Department of Health formally integrated community health workers (CHWs) into the national health system to strengthen primary healthcare delivery following the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) principles and the South African National Development Plan 2030. Several studies have found that most CHWs are comfortable providing clinical treatment but are unsure how to translate epidemiological and socio-demographic data into relevant information for service delivery. Information and communication technology (ICT) provides a viable mechanism for assisting CHWs with information appropriation.
  • 895
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis has become increasingly associated with COVID-19, leading to the use of the term “COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM)”. Treatment of CAM is challenging due to factors such as resistance to many antifungals and underlying co-morbidities. India is particularly at risk for this disease due to the large number of patients with COVID-19 carrying comorbidities that predispose them to the development of mucormycosis. Additionally, mucormycosis treatment is complicated due to the atypical symptoms and delayed presentation after the resolution of COVID-19. 
  • 874
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Viral Zoonotic Diseases and Male Reproduction
Zoonotic diseases occur as a result of human interactions with animals with the inadvertent transmission of pathogens from one to another. Zoonoses remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among human populations, as they have been a source of pandemics in human history. Viral zoonoses account for a significant percentage of pathogens of zoonotic sources, posing a huge risk to men’s general health and fertility. Evidence from reviewed articles showed that viral zoonotic diseases elicit an immune reaction that induces inflammatory mediators and impairs testicular functions such as spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, leading to abnormal semen parameters that lead to subfertility/infertility. Although most zoonotic viruses linger in semen long after recovery, their presence in semen does not directly translate to sexual transmission. 
  • 874
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of the most successful pathogens in the world, has co-existed with humans for one thousand years and remains a major public health threat, causing over 2 million deaths annually. An early diagnosis and effective treatment are the keys to controlling TB. Methods based on the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are insufficiently sensitive, methods based on the detection of Mtb-specific immune responses cannot always differentiate active disease from latent infection, and some of the serological markers of infection with Mtb are insufficiently specific to differentiate tuberculosis from other inflammatory diseases. New tools based on technologies such as flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, high-throughput sequencing, and artificial intelligence have the potential to solve this dilemma. 
  • 858
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Preventing Physical Inactivity during Future Pandemics
Wearable activity trackers are devices that are comfortably worn on the body and are designed to be effective in monitoring daily physical activity and improving physical fitness of the wearer. This review aimed to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on physical activity measured using wearable activity trackers and discuss future perspectives on wearable activity trackers during pandemics. Daily physical activity was significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 854
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Devices and Diagnostics for OIRD
OIRD (opioid-induced respiratory depression) remains a significant public health concern due to clinically indicated and illicit opioid use. Respiratory depression is the sine qua non of opioid toxicity, and early detection is critical for reversal using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions.
  • 834
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity and Dementia
Physical activity (PA) has emerged as an alternative nonpharmacological approach to effectively address the effects of dementia. This is mainly because regular PA improves the strength of cells and tissues to respond to oxidative stress, vascularization, and energy metabolism and also allows neurotropic effects through neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations, which contribute to brain plasticity, memory improvement, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity [15]. These processes attenuate for the loss of brain tissue while the brain is ageing [14]. 
  • 829
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning on Images for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men, with an increasing incidence. Pathology diagnosis complemented with prognostic and predictive biomarker information is the first step for personalized treatment. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in the medical field, showing potential for clinical applications. 
  • 822
  • 15 Apr 2022
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