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Topic Review
Sarcocystis Infecting Old World and South American camelids
Sarcocystis spp. are coccidian protozoans belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum. As with other members of this phylum, they are obligate intracellular parasites with complex cellular machinery for the invasion of host cells. Sarcocystis spp. display dixenous life cycles, involving a predator and a prey as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Specifically, these parasites develop sarcocysts in the tissues of their intermediate hosts, ranging in size from microscopic to visible to the naked eye, depending on the species. When definitive hosts consume sarcocysts, infective forms are produced in the digestive system and discharged into the environment via feces.
  • 628
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anthelmintic Resistance in Domestic Ruminants in Brazil
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) significantly, negatively impact livestock worldwide, and their control depends on the use of chemotherapy drugs.
  • 611
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cryptosporidiosis in Reptiles from Brazil
The concern about the protection of wildlife has been gathering attention from researchers worldwide. Zoos and aquariums have become widely recognized sites for the conservation of wildlife. The persistence of the illegal trade of wild animals, such as reptiles, and their use as pets can endanger not only the preservation of the species, but also allow the introduction of new pathogens and zoonotic diseases. It is important to highlight that preventive exams should be carried out prior to introducing these animals into a new facility to guarantee zoological management strategies. There are several reports of parasitism in reptiles, some of them with zoonotic potential, such as the genus Cryptosporidium spp. In Brazil, reports that explore the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in reptiles are scarce, and very few have used molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., or the genotyping of its species and subtypes.
  • 607
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antiparasitic and Immunomodulatory Activity of AMPs and CPPs
In 2020, the WHO established the road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030, which aims to control and eradicate 20 diseases, including leishmaniosis and Chagas disease. In addition, since 2015, the WHO has been developing a Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. In this context, the achievement of innovative strategies as an alternative to replace conventional therapies is a first-order socio-sanitary priority, especially regarding endemic zoonoses in poor regions, such as those caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. infections. 
  • 604
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Challenges for In Vitro Leishmania Exploratory Screening
The leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne diseases common to humans and certain mammals, mainly the dog, for zoonotic visceral forms. They are caused by flagellated protozoan parasites belonging to the Leishmania genus. 
  • 594
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Host Immune Responses to Trypanosomes
The mammalian host’s innate and adaptive immune systems are both key to successfully resisting or controlling trypanosomosis. When trypanosomes are inoculated into the mammalian hosts by a blood-feeding insect such as a tsetse fly, the first contact between the trypanosome and host occurs in the skin. Here, a chancre often develops at the dermal inoculation site. Intense innate immune reactions, cellular reactions, and edema formation accompany these chancres. Thereafter, parasites start to circulate through the blood or lymph, invading lymphatic tissues and various organs. There, the trypanosomes again encounter various innate immune components before being confronted with the adaptive immune system. Once entered into the circulation stage of infection, trypanosomes are going to encounter responses from macrophages and B cells, as well as the T helper compartment that links these two.
  • 552
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Universal Tick Vaccines
Vaccination is usually proposed as a safe and sustainable strategy to overcome problems related to tick infestation and disease transmission. However, progress in anti-vector vaccine development has been slow and patchy, and currently, only a handful of vaccines targeting ectoparasites have been developed and tested successfully.
  • 539
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Tools for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, encompasses a spectrum of clinical conditions and poses a significant risk of infection to over one billion people worldwide. 
  • 532
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available.
  • 515
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Dichotomous Nature of Nitric Oxide in Trichinosis
The exact role of nitric oxide (NO) in the complex interplay between the host and Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) parasite remains uncovered. While much has been revealed about the role of the inducible isoenzyme (iNOS) in different parasitic infections, research is slowly progressing toward understanding the neuronal enzyme (nNOS)-derived impacts on trichinosis. This study aims to clarify the dual nature of (NO) during the enteral phase of experimental trichinosis by examining the participation of both iNOS and nNOS in T. spiralis-infected mice. The experimental design included 48 male Swiss albino mice divided into six groups: (G1) negative control, (G2) infected control, (G3) infected–Albendazole-treated, (G4) infected-infected–L-arginine-treated, (G5) infected–Aminoguanidine-treated, and (G6) infected–7-Nitroindazole-treated. On the seventh day post-infection, the study groups underwent parasitological (adult worm count), histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical assessments. Our results showed that (nNOS) predominance during the enteral phase of trichinosis enhanced parasitic clearance. Conversely, NO produced by iNOS was not essential for worm expulsion but contributed to T. spiralis-mediated enteropathy. Nitric oxide seems to play a puzzling role in T. spiralis infection. While (iNOS) is known for eliminating numerous infections, this is the first example we are aware of where the activity of the neuronal isoform (nNOS) is required in trichinosis.
  • 17
  • 02 Dec 2025
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