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Topic Review
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate
Osteoarthritis is the most common progressive joint disease diagnosed in companion animals and its management continues to be a significant challenge. Nutraceuticals have been widely investigated over the years in the treatment of osteoarthritis and among them, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate treatments are probably the most common therapies used in veterinary management.
  • 479
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Informational Perspective on Evolutionary Theory
Countless informational proposals and models have explored the singular characteristics of biological systems: from the initial choice of information terms in the early days of molecular biology to the current bioinformatic avalanche in this “omic” era. Herein we propose an enlarged informational perspective, grounded on the information flow and coding mechanisms in the living cell, and extended along the complexity growth in the evolutionary process.
  • 478
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
  • 478
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. 
  • 478
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Neurosyphilitic Maladies
Treponema pallidum (Tp) subspecies pallidum causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that infects more than 2.1 million pregnant women every year. Due to its maximum death rates of neonates, augmented risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and continued morbidity particularly in low-income countries as well as in high-income countries, such as Japan, where the rate of cases is increasing at an alarming level in heterosexual men and women, syphilis is a disease of worldwide concern, the disease is still a matter of debate in many low- and high-income countries. The infection has three stages that lead to several complications if left untreated and can lead to many tertiary complications in the brain, eyes, ears, heart, and pregnancy. Principally, the infection is transmitted through sexual contact, exceptionally with blood transfusion and blood products, and transmits vertically from mother to child (Syphilis Transmission from Mother-to-Child (MTCT)) during pregnancy. The Tp spirochete transmits vertically to the fetus, leading to congenital syphilis infections in poorly treated or utterly treated pregnant women, and causes multiple clinical manifestations, including stillbirth and neonatal death, skin and visceral manifestations, and other asymptomatic infections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a recently published study estimating the burden of congenital syphilis showed more than half a million (almost 661,000) cases of congenital syphilis in 2016, consequently facing 200,000 stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Congenital syphilis is the second leading cause of preventable stillbirth globally, preceded only by “Malaria”. Neurosyphilis (NS) is also known as the clinical result of infection of the central nervous system by Tp subspecies pallidum. It can evolve at any time and from any stage of syphilis exposure. NS involves all neurological disorders related to nervous system invasion by the Tp and can be seen during the primo-secondary (early NS) or tertiary stages. Importantly, NS has two forms: an early form often strikes the CSF, meninges, and vasculature; the late form hits the brain and spinal cord parenchyma, and in several cases, it goes unnoticed or unidentified, leading to multifarious neurological complications.
  • 474
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Turbo Elegans
Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Turbo is the type genus of the family.
  • 474
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors for PJI following Primary TKA
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major adverse event of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from the patient’s perspective, and it is also costly for health care systems. Knowing the risk factors for PJI after TKA, especially those that are avoidable or controllable, is critical to minimizing (ideally preventing) this complication.
  • 474
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Asialo-rhuEPO
Asialo-rhuEPO can be prepared by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues from rhuEPOM (asialo-rhuEPOE) or by expressing human EPO gene in glycoengineered transgenic plants (asialo-rhuEPOP). Both types of asialo-rhuEPO, like rhuEPOM, displayed excellent neuroprotective effects by regulating multiple cellular pathways in cerebral I/R animal models.
  • 473
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Carcino-Evo-Devo
The term “carcino-evo-devo” was used for the first time as a name for the theory of the evolutionary role of tumors. The new term was coined from two other terms: “carcinoembryonic” and “evo-devo”.
  • 473
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Upper Motor Neuron Disorders
Following the exclusion of potentially reversible causes, the differential for those patients presenting with a predominant upper motor neuron syndrome includes primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), or upper motor neuron dominant ALS (UMNdALS). Differentiation of these disorders in the early phases of disease remains challenging. While no single clinical or diagnostic tests is specific, there are several developing biomarkers and neuroimaging technologies which may help distinguish PLS from HSP and UMNdALS. Recent consensus diagnostic criteria and use of evolving technologies will allow more precise delineation of PLS from other upper motor neuron disorders and aid in the targeting of potentially disease-modifying therapeutics. 
  • 472
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Targeted Endothelium Treatments
The term nanomedicine indicates a specific targeted treatment, which can enhance the delivery of targeted drugs and their bioavailability, as well as reduce the associated toxicity or side-effects and costs, using nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, they constitute specialized carriers with the potential to facilitate the delivery of drugs and efficient molecular targets into desired tissues, such as the endothelium.
  • 472
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
RANK-RANKL Signaling in Cervical Cancer
RANK ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha superfamily of cytokines. It is the only known ligand binding to a membrane receptor named receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), thereby triggering recruitment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins and activation of downstream pathways. RANK/RANKL signaling is controlled by a decoy receptor called osteoprotegerin (OPG), but also has additional more complex levels of regulation.
  • 471
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs at the GWAS Risk Loci
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in a variety of cellular processes. Deregulation of the lncRNAs has been implicated in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, germline genetic variations associated with cancer risk have been correlated with lncRNA expression and/or function. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-characterized cancer-associated lncRNAs have been analyzed for their association with cancer risk. These SNPs may occur within the lncRNA transcripts or spanning regions that may alter the structure, function, and expression of these lncRNA molecules and contribute to cancer progression and may have potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Additionally, some of these lncRNA have a tissue-specific expression profile, suggesting them as biomarkers for specific cancers.
  • 471
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plant–Phytonematode Interactions in Nematode Control
Optimizing the approaches and compounds utilized to manage plant pests/pathogens via more reliable and safer techniques represents a current pressing challenge for sustainable agricultural systems. The dissatisfaction with synthesized pesticides, such as chemical nematicides, has been increasing. These trends concerning a lack of content for numerous pesticides are emanating from their unfavorable impacts, e.g., their unacceptable influences on ecological contamination and human health, non-target beneficial organisms, and the development of resistance-breaking pathotypes.
  • 470
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Exosomes
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with small exosome(s) (PVAT-dEVexos) from the descending aorta are capable of entering capillaries and systemic circulation. These PVAT-dEVexos are delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) in preclinical, obese, insulin and leptin resistant, diabetic, db/db mouse models and humans with T2DM. Once within the CNS, these exosomes are capable of traversing the blood–brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier resulting in activation of the neuroglia microglia cell(s) (aMGCs) and the formation of reactive astrocytes (rACs). The chronic peripheral inflammation in the PVAT via crown-like structures consists of activated macrophages and mast cells, which harbor peripheral adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines (pCC) in addition to the EV exosomes. 
  • 469
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DND1 in Cancers
The Dead-End (DND1) protein can interact with different messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the cell. It uses multiple mechanisms to regulate expression of proteins from their cognate mRNAs. High levels of DND1 are found in the progenitor cells that develop into the egg and sperm. Defects in DND1 can cause tumors in the testes and ovaries of vertebrates. DND1 may also participate in human cancer development in cells other than those of the testesand ovaries.
  • 468
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Rice Diurnal Flower-Opening Times
The principal goal of rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding is to increase the yield. In the past, hybrid rice was mainly indica intra-subspecies hybrids, but its yield has been difficult to improve. The hybridization between the indica and japonica subspecies has stronger heterosis; the utilization of inter-subspecies heterosis is important for long-term improvement of rice yields. However, the different diurnal flower-opening times (DFOTs) between the indica and japonica subspecies seriously reduce the efficiency of cross-pollination and yield and increase the cost of indica–japonica hybrid rice seeds, which has become one of the main constraints for the development of indica–japonica hybrid rice breeding. The DFOT of plants is adapted to their growing environment and is also closely related to species stability and evolution. 
  • 468
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Isookanin Inhibits PGE2-Mediated Angiogenesis
Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a critical mediator of angiogenesis, and unregulated angiogenic responses often involve human diseases. The importance of regulating angiogenesis in inflammatory diseases has been demonstrated through some successful cases of anti-angiogenesis therapies in related diseases, including arthritis, but it has been reported that some synthetic types of antiangiogenic drugs have potential side effects. In recent years, the importance of finding alternative strategies for regulating angiogenesis has begun to attract the attention of researchers. Therefore, identification of natural ingredients used to prevent or treat angiogenesis-related diseases will play a greater role. Isookanin is a phenolic flavonoid presented in Bidens extract, and it has been reported that isookanin possesses some biological properties, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, anti-diabetic properties, and an ability to inhibit α-amylase. However, its antiangiogenic effects and mechanism thereof have not been studied yet. In this study, our results indicate that isookanin has an effective inhibitory effect on the angiogenic properties of microvascular endothelial cells.
  • 467
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multifunctional Nanoplatforms in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy
Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. 
  • 467
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Checkpoint Inhibitors in Solid Tumors
The emergence of cancer immunotherapy has already shown some remarkable results, having changed the treatment strategy in clinical practice for solid tumors. Despite these promising long-term responses, patients seem to lack the ability to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, thus demonstrating a primary resistance to immunotherapy. Moreover, a significant number of patients who initially respond to treatment eventually acquire resistance to immunotherapy. Both resistance mechanisms are a result of a complex interaction among different molecules, pathways, and cellular processes. Several resistance mechanisms, such as tumor microenvironment modification, autophagy, genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor mutational burden, neo-antigens, and modulation of gut microbiota have already been identified, while more continue to be uncovered.
  • 466
  • 10 Jun 2021
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