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Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Coronavirus Control
Some countries have been able to overcome this global challenge by relying on vaccines against the virus, and vaccination has begun in many countries. Many of the proposed vaccines have nanoparticles as carriers, and there are different nano-based diagnostic approaches for rapid detection of the virus.
  • 871
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Tibial Hemimelia's Deformity Reconstruction Surgery
Tibial hemimelia is a rare congenital deficiency with a wide spectrum of pathology and deformity. This paper aims to give a comprehensive review of tibial hemimelia, with a concise summary of the history, pathology, and clinical findings of tibial hemimelia, while providing treatment recommendations and a review of the current literature. Classifications and surgical treatments are discussed, including amputation, limb reconstruction, and lengthening.
  • 870
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
B Lymphocytes in Brief
B lymphocytes, or B cells, are essential warriors of our immune system, playing a central role in defending the body against infections and diseases. These specialized white blood cells originate in the bone marrow, where they undergo a complex maturation process. B cells possess unique membrane-bound receptors called B cell receptors (BCRs) that enable them to recognize specific antigens on pathogens. When a BCR binds to its corresponding antigen, it triggers a chain reaction leading to B cell activation. Activated B cells have two main fates: they can transform into plasma cells, dedicated antibody factories that churn out antibodies to neutralize pathogens, or become memory B cells. Memory B cells "remember" past infections, allowing for a swift and potent immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. In essence, B lymphocytes are the guardians of our immune memory, enabling our bodies to fight off invaders and stay resilient against future threats.
  • 867
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
HDL in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a class of blood particles, principally involved in mediating reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissue to liver. Omics approaches have identified crucial mediators in the HDL proteomic and lipidomic profile, which are involved in distinct pleiotropic functions. Besides their role as cholesterol transporter, HDLs display anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-infection properties. Experimental and clinical studies have unveiled significant changes in both HDL serum amount and composition that lead to dysregulated host immune response and endothelial dysfunction in the course of sepsis. Most SARS-Coronavirus-2-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit showed common features of sepsis disease, such as the overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and the alterations in serum lipid profile. Despite relevant advances, episodes of mild to moderate acute kidney injury (AKI), occurring during systemic inflammatory diseases, are associated with long-term complications, and high risk of mortality. The multi-faceted relationship of kidney dysfunction with dyslipidemia and inflammation encourages to deepen the clarification of the mechanisms connecting these elements.
  • 866
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) represent one of the worst complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in general, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in particular. The clinical impact on patients is dramatic: the 5-year mortality rate following PJI equals the one of oncologic patients. On the other side, hospital readmission rates following explants already double those of many cardiac and oncologic procedures, leading to a significant burden on healthcare systems. At current times, the combination of increasing antibiotic resistance and the growth in the number of culture-negative PJI makes preventing infection a key aspect of adult reconstruction practices in order to avoid an epidemic escalation of PJI and musculoskeletal infections in general.
  • 865
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
List of Species Found in Antarctica
Antarctica is one of the most physically and chemically extreme terrestrial environments to be inhabited by lifeforms. The largest plants are mosses, and the largest animals that do not leave the continent are a few species of insects.
  • 865
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Host Defence
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens.
  • 864
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ischemia–Reperfusion Intervention
It has been demonstrated that brief cycles of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) applied before exercise can improve performance and, IR intervention, applied immediately after exercise (post-exercise ischemic conditioning—PEIC) exerts a potential ergogenic effect to accelerate recovery. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify the effects of PEIC on exercise performance, recovery and the responses of associated physiological parameters, such as creatine kinase, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, over 24 h after its application. From 3281 studies, six involving 106 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared to sham (cuff administration with low pressure) and control interventions (no cuff administration), PEIC led to faster performance recovery (p = 0.004; ES = −0.49) and lower increase in creatine kinase (p < 0.001; effect size (ES) = −0.74) and muscle soreness (p < 0.001; ES = −0.88) over 24 h. The effectiveness of this intervention is more pronounced in subjects with low/moderate fitness level and at least a total time of 10 min of ischemia (e.g., two cycles of 5 min) is necessary to promote positive effects.
  • 862
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
miRNA in Molecular Diagnostics
miRNAs influence the expression of numerous proteins, including the expression of tumor suppressors and protooncogenes, thus becoming oncogenes and tumor suppressors themselves. As the same miRNA can have different targets in different tissues, its function will also be different in different types of tumors, depending on the intracellular milieu and the set of proteins for which its translation is modulated. Therefore, the same miRNA can act as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene in different tumors. Even in the same tumor, the same miRNA can be involved in regulation circles with feedback loops and potentially affect both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. As 50% of miRNA genes are located in regions associated with cancers, their expression is found to be deregulated in tumors. miRNAs were found to be members of signaling circuits, often involving also long non-coding RNAs (lnc RNAs) and circular RNAs (cRNAs).
  • 862
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Proteomic Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer
Proteomic biomarkers are majorly categorized into four types: Diagnostic biomarkers, allow the early detection of cancer; Prognostic biomarkers, offer information about the disease’s expected progress; Therapeutic biomarkers, are proteins that can be exploited as a therapeutic target using drugs/small molecules; lastly, the predictive biomarkers basically predict a patient’s reaction to targeted therapy and thereby establish subpopulations of patients who are likely to benefit from that.
  • 860
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Stroke
Stroke is a leading cause of death, long-term disability, and socioeconomic costs, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatment. During acute phase, intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic agent, and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), a mechanical intervention to retrieve clots, are the only FDA-approved treatments to re-establish cerebral blood flow. Due to a short therapeutic time window and high potential risk of cerebral hemorrhage, a limited number of acute stroke patients benefit from tPA treatment. Different attributes of nanoparticles are also being explored to develop a multifunctional thrombolytic agent that, in addition to a thrombolytic agent, can contain therapeutics such as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro/vasoprotective, or imaging agent, i.e., a theragnostic agent. 
  • 860
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms of Imeglimin
Imeglimin enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and inhibits the apoptosis of β-cells in the pancreas by the maintaining function and structure of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in β-cells. Further, imeglimin inhibits hepatic glucose production and ameliorates insulin sensitivity.
  • 859
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Proto-Neurons from Abiotic Polypeptides
To understand the origins of life, we must first gain a grasp of the unresolved emergence of the first informational polymers and cell-like assemblies that developed into living systems. Heating amino acid mixtures to their boiling point produces thermal proteins that self-assemble into membrane-bound protocells, offering a compelling abiogenic route for forming polypeptides. Recent research has revealed the presence of electrical excitability and signal processing capacities in proteinoids, indicating the possibility of primitive cognitive functions and problem-solving capabilities. This review examines the characteristics exhibited by proteinoids, including electrical activity and self-assembly properties, exploring the possible roles of such polypeptides under prebiotic conditions in the emergence of early biomolecular complexity. Experiments showcasing the possibility of unconventional computing with proteinoids as well as modelling proteinoid assemblies into synthetic proto-brains are given. Proteinoids’ robust abiogenic production, biomimetic features, and computational capability shed light on potential phases in the evolution of polypeptides and primitive life from the primordial environment.
  • 858
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP), including acute EP and chronic EP, is characterized by the massive pulmonary infiltration of eosinophils into the lung. However, the mechanisms underlying the selective accumulation of eosinophils in EP have not yet been fully elucidated. We reported that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from EP patients induced the transmigration of eosinophils across endothelial cells in vitro. The concentrations of eotaxin-2 (CCL24) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-4 (CCL13), which are CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 3 ligands, were elevated in the BALF of EP patients, and anti-CCR3 monoclonal antibody inhibited the eosinophil transmigration induced by the BALF of EP patients. The concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (CCL4), a CCR5 ligand that induces eosinophil migration, was increased in the BALF of EP patients. Furthermore, the concentration of interleukin (IL) 5 was increased in the BALF of EP patients, and it has been reported that anti-IL-5 antibody treatment resulted in remission and the reduction of glucocorticoid use in some cases of chronic EP. The concentrations of lipid mediators, such as leukotriene (LT) B4, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), such as uric acid, or extracellular matrix proteins, such as periostin, were also increased in the BALF of EP patients. These findings suggest that chemokines, such as CCR3/CCR5 ligands, cytokines, such as IL-5, lipid mediators, such as LTB4, DAMPs, and extracellular matrix proteins may play roles in the accumulation or activation of eosinophils in EP.
  • 857
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Clostridioides Difficile Biofilm
The microbiota inhabiting the intestinal tract provide several critical functions to its host. Microorganisms found at the mucosal layer form organized three-dimensional structures which are considered to be biofilms. Their development and functions are influenced by host factors, host-microbe interactions, and microbe-microbe interactions. These structures can dictate the health of their host by strengthening the natural defenses of the gut epithelium or cause disease by exacerbating underlying conditions. Biofilm communities can also block the establishment of pathogens and prevent infectious diseases. Although these biofilms are important for colonization resistance, new data provide evidence that gut biofilms can act as a reservoir for pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile.
  • 856
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Cartilage is an avascular tissue with extremely limited self-regeneration capabilities. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted constructs for cartilage repair applications. 3D bioprinting is an evolutionary additive manufacturing technique that enables the precisely controlled deposition of a combination of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules, collectively known as bioink, layer-by-layer to produce constructs that simulate the structure and function of native cartilage tissue.
  • 854
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Pathogens in Action after COVID Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the unique means for prompting the scientific community to consider developing healthcare infrastructures and logistics that will deal with any future pandemics, maybe in a manner comparable to dealing with biological war or an outside attack due to Manmade weapons. Biomedical experts have refocused their efforts on creating innovative vaccines and medicines to halt the deadly spread of these infections using new biological approaches. Only a small number of innovative nations have a healthy security policy on national level in the event of a biological attack that has been bio-weaponized by a human. After Covid pandemic, It is assumed that the whole world may have a fight against Multiple resistant bacterial pathogens or microorganism connected to water and food. MDR bacteria (like MRSA and VRSA) in addition to newly mutated microorganism may also infect human beings, birds and animals. 
  • 851
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cyclic Nigerosyl-Nigerose
Cyclic nigerosyl-nigerose (CNN) is an interesting and innovative nanocarrier for anti-cancer drug delivery in the cross-linked forms previously shown. The major advantage of CNN is that its natural structure is a reservoir for oxygen. CNN is a non-reducing cyclic tetrasaccharide with an unusual structure, consisting of four d-glucopyranosyl molecules connected by alternate α-(1-3) and α-(1-6) glycosidic bonds.
  • 848
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Gut as an Alternative Entry Route for SARS-CoV-2
The gut has been proposed as a potential alternative entry route for SARS-CoV-2. This was mainly based on the high levels of SARS-CoV-2 receptor expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the observations of GI disorders (such as diarrhea) in some COVID-19 patients and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces. SARS-CoV-2 can productively infect enterocytes, damaging the intestinal barrier and contributing to inflammatory response, which might lead to GI manifestations, including diarrhea.
  • 847
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Translational Stroke
The approach to reperfusion therapies in stroke patients is rapidly evolving, but there is still no explanation why a substantial proportion of patients have a poor clinical prognosis despite successful flow restoration. This issue of futile recanalization is explained here by three clinical cases which, despite complete recanalization, have very different outcomes. Preclinical research is particularly suited to characterize the highly dynamic changes in acute ischemic stroke and to identify potential treatment targets useful for clinical translation. This entry surveys the efforts taken so far to achieve mouse models capable to investigate of investigating the neurovascular underpinnings of futile recanalization. We highlight the translational potential of targeting tissue reperfusion in fully recanalized mouse models and of investigating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms from subcellular to tissue scale. We suggest that stroke preclinical research should increasingly drive forward a continuous and circular dialogue with clinical research. When the preclinical and the clinical stroke research are consistent, translational success will follow.
  • 846
  • 28 Mar 2022
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