You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
The New Global Health Emergency: Monkeypox
Monkeypox, once a rare zoonotic disease, has been endemic to some African countries since its original identification among humans in 1970. Since then, cases in non-endemic regions have been linked to returning travelers or those who had contact with transported animals. The causative agent, Monkeypox virus, belongs to Orthopoxviruses, the same family as Variola—the causative organism for smallpox. Although most monkeypox outbreaks until recently were linked to zoonotic transmission, secondary human–human transmission in smallpox-unvaccinated individuals was observed in a small proportion of overall cases. Smallpox was declared to be eradicated in 1980, and since its eradication, Monkeypox virus has been the most significant poxvirus to cause human disease. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak marks a significant paradigm shift in the human and poxvirus association, with new modes of transmission and concerns of viral evolution and entrenchment as a sexually transmitted disease. Monkeypox clinically resembles smallpox but is far milder. At this time, there are no approved therapies for monkeypox, and antiviral agents effective against smallpox are being utilized. Additionally, preventive strategies being utilized include smallpox vaccinations such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000.
  • 811
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Monitoring of Drugs
Precision medicine, particularly therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is essential for optimizing drug dosage and minimizing toxicity. However, current TDM methods have limitations, including the need for skilled operators, patient discomfort, and the inability to monitor dynamic drug level changes. Wearable sensors have emerged as a promising solution for drug monitoring. These sensors offer real-time and continuous measurement of drug concentrations in biofluids, enabling personalized medicine and reducing the risk of toxicity. 
  • 811
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bone Mass and Mineral Metabolism in Celiac Disease
Osteoporosis affects many patients with celiac disease (CD), representing the consequence of calcium malabsorption and persistent activation of mucosal inflammation. A slight increase of fracture risk is evident in this condition, particularly in those with overt malabsorption and in postmenopausal state. The adoption of a correct gluten-free diet (GFD) improves bone derangement, but is not able to normalize bone mass in all the patients. Biomarkers effective in the prediction of bone response to gluten-free diet are not available and the indications of guidelines are still imperfect and debated.
  • 810
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Wheelchair Navigation
As automated driving system (ADS) technology is adopted in wheelchairs, clarity on the vehicle’s imminent path becomes essential for both users and pedestrians. For users, understanding the imminent path helps mitigate anxiety and facilitates real-time adjustments. For pedestrians, this insight aids in predicting their next move when near the wheelchair.
  • 810
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Technology Usage for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder with complicated and disabling motor and non-motor symptoms. The complexity of PD pathology is amplified due to its dependency on patient diaries and the neurologist’s subjective assessment of clinical scales. 
  • 809
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pregnancy Calcium-Deficiency, Offspring Insulin Resistance
Adverse nutritional conditions during pregnancy may permanently alter the structure or function of specific organs in the offspring, leading to various chronic diseases in adulthood. Maternal undernutrition, and the consequent low birth weight of offspring, predisposes the offspring to various diseases, including adult-onset insulin resistance syndrome. Calcium (Ca) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance syndrome. Cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid, is considered to lead to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is a key enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of cortisone to physiologically active cortisol. 
  • 808
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Factors Contributing to Children Avoiding Severe COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests differently in children than adults, as children usually have a milder course of disease, mild symptoms if any, and lower fatality rates are recorded among children. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission also seems to be different between children and adults. Many factors are proposed to explain the milder outcome in children, e.g., a more appropriate immune response (especially active innate response), trained immunity, a lack of immunosenescence, and the reduced prevalence of comorbidities. A better understanding of the differences in susceptibility and outcome in children compared with adults could lead to greater knowledge of risk factors for complicated COVID-19 cases and potential treatment targets.
  • 808
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Functions
Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) consists of a large number of vegetables, fruits, beans, legumes, whole grains, olive oil, seeds, herbs and spices, as well as fish, seafood, eggs, cheese and poultry and disrecommends unusual red meats and sweets. In particular, a high intake of fish and low intake of alcohol contributes to the delay of cognitive decline.
  • 807
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Exercise Training on Depressive Symptoms in Cancer Patients
Cancer patients need to overcome several issues, leaving them more vulnerable to depressive symptoms. Exercise is recognised as a practice that helps to deal with depressive symptoms. This research includes  meta-analyses about the effect of exercise on depressive symptoms among cancer patients. Six studies were included. A significant reduction in depressive symptoms was observed because of exercise. However, the studies varied in methodological terms, making a broad generalisation difficult. It can be concluded that exercise is a good alternative to deal with depressive symptoms among cancer patients. Still, more studies are needed to clarify some aspects that are not answered yet. 
  • 805
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in Cancer
Liquid biopsy (LBx) is a novel and promising approach in precision medicine, suitable for patient management in a wide range of medical conditions. Its utility in oncology ranges from disease screening to early diagnosis and treatment. LBx has several strengths, such as safeness, quickness of execution, and repeatability, compared to old-fashioned solid biopsy techniques; indeed, LBx requires the collection of a small number of biospecimens. LBx has been proven to be accurate and reliable, as demonstrated in several clinical studies, and it could have a surprising impact on survival and quality of life for cancer patients in the near future.
  • 805
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
AI and Neural Network Algorithms
Al increases the potential of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System biosensors and opens up new opportunities for automation, consumer electronics, industrial manufacturing, defense, medical equipment, etc. Micro-Electro-Mechanical System microcantilever biosensors are currently making their way into the daily lives and playing a significant role in the advancement of social technology. Micro-Electro-Mechanical System biosensors with microcantilever structures have a num- ber of benefits over conventional biosensors, including small size, high sensitivity, mass production, simple arraying, integration, etc. These advantages have made them one of the development avenues for high-sensitivity sensors. The next generation of sensors will exhibit an intelligent development trajectory and aid people in interacting with other objects in a variety of scenario applications as a result of the active development of artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks. A neural algorithm application in Micro-Electro-Mechanical System microcantilever biosensors is anticipated through the associated application of the principal com-ponent analysis approach. Researchers investigation has more scientific study value, because there are currently no favorable reports on the market regarding the use of AI with Micro-Electro-Mechanical System microcantilever sensors.
  • 804
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in IgA Nephropathy
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease worldwide today. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a polyprotein complex and an important participant in inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome participates in a variety of kidney diseases, including IgAN. 
  • 804
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dysfunction of Biliary Sphincter of Oddi
Biliary Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is one of the main causes of post-cholecystectomy pain. Biliary SOD is classified into three types according to Milwaukee classification, based on clinical presentation as well as laboratory and/or imaging abnormalities. As a functional disorder, SOD is classified according to Rome IV criteria. Currently, patients with post-cholecystectomy pain and SOD are mostly diagnosed by the Rome IV criteria. The management of SOD most often involves non-pharmacologic treatment, and high-level evidence supports sphincterotomy in type 1 and 2 SOD. Emerging high-quality data show no effect of sphincterotomy for patients with type 3 SOD. However, ERCP with biliary sphincterotomy is associated with post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis rates from 10% to 15%.
  • 803
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Adolescent Inpatients with a History of Child Maltreatment
Adolescent inpatients with substance use disorder (SUD) and a history of child maltreatment (CM) present a vulnerable population at considerable risk of poor health and social outcomes. Addressing their specific clinical and psychosocial vulnerabilities through comprehensive treatment and discharge plans may reduce readmission and improve quality of life.
  • 802
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Patient Active Approaches in Osteopathic Practice
Osteopathy is a whole-body patient-centered intervention mainly focused on sustaining a person’s health processes by means of touch-based approaches focused on the somatic dysfunctions (SD) present in different regions of the body. 
  • 802
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Oxidative Stress in Relation to Aging and Exercise
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, resulting in disruption of redox signaling and control and causing molecular damage. Oxidative stress is related to a variety of diseases, for example, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and cancer. It might be that oxidative stress, and, more specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), affects longevity in a subtle way through signaling. Possible therapies to reduce oxidative stress in the elderly are nutritional intervention (for example, caloric restriction (CR)) and exercise. Exercise is associated with favorable changes in the expression of antioxidant enzymes and the oxidative stress status in general. A diet with CR also seems to be a promising way to reduce oxidative stress by decreasing oxidant emission and improving antioxidant mechanisms. A better understanding of where the antioxidant mechanisms in the elderly fail could be a big step forward in developing new therapies (such as exercise or diet) that prevent oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction with age.
  • 802
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Readability of Cervical Cancer Information
It is important to provide information on HPV vaccination and on early detection and early treatment for cervical cancer. Readability is a key aspect in the success of cervical cancer communication using written health information. 
  • 798
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Infant growth rate and Obesity in Childhood
There is a clear trend of an increase in childhood obesity risk when infants were exposed to rapid infant growth.
  • 798
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Contraceptive Use in the United States
Contraceptive use is deemed one of the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century because its benefits are universally acknowledged as a cornerstone for reducing global maternal morbidity and mortality. Current data indicates gaps in contraceptive use patterns in the US, particularly among low-income women and those from racial/ethnic and gender minority subgroups, necessitating further investigation using an ecological approach. 
  • 797
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Healthy Eating in T2D
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex, multifaceted disease and its treatment involves lifestyle intervention (LI) programs that participants may find difficult to adopt and maintain. The objective of this study is to understand the lived experiences of participants with T2D regarding healthy eating behavior change, in order to identify and incorporate relevant information, skills, and educational approaches into LI programs. An explorative qualitative study was undertaken. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 15 participants. One-on-one, semi-structured, open-ended, and in-depth interviews were conducted. An essentialist paradigm was adopted to accurately report the experiences, meaning, and reality of participants. An inductive approach was used to analyze the data. Participants reported that being diagnosed and living with T2D could be overwhelming, and their ability to manage was influenced by health care providers (HCP), family, and individual context. Many experienced a loop of “good–bad” eating behaviors. Participants expressed desires for future diabetes management that would include program content (nutrition, physical activity, mental health, foot care, and consequences of T2D), program features (understand context, explicit information, individualized, hands-on learning, applicable, realistic, incremental, and practical), program components (access to multidisciplinary team, set goals, track progress and be held accountable, one-on-one sessions, group support, maintenance/follow-up), and policy change. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that T2D management requires more extensive, comprehensive, and ongoing support, guided by the individual participant. 
  • 796
  • 15 Jul 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 43
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback