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Topic Review
Potential Coeliac Disease
Potential celiac disease (PCD) is a heterogeneous disease; only some patients develop full celiac disease (CD), characterised by advanced atrophic changes in the small intestine. Few accurate prognostic factors exist for the progression of PCD; therefore, therapeutic decisions should be made on an individual basis in each case.
  • 865
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Postprandial NMR-Based Metabolic Exchanges
The postprandial period represents one of the most challenging phenomena in whole-body metabolism, and it can be used as a unique window to evaluate the phenotypic flexibility of an individual in response to a given meal, which can be done by measuring the resilience of the metabolome. However, this exploration of the metabolism has never been applied to the arteriovenous exploration of organs metabolism. We identified for the first time a postprandial signature associated to the insulin resistance and obesity outcomes, and we showed that the splanchnic postprandial metabolome was considerably affected by the meal and the obesity condition. Some of our results reflect a loss of flexibility in response to the high fat-high sucrose meal challenge in unsuspected metabolic pathways that must be further explored as potential new events involved in early obesity and the onset of insulin resistance.
  • 864
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Polyacetylenes and Inflammation
Polyacetylene phytochemicals are emerging as potentially responsible for the chemoprotective effects of consuming apiaceous vegetables. There is some evidence suggesting that polyacetylenes (PAs) impact carcinogenesis by influencing a wide variety of signalling pathways, which are important in regulating inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, etc.
  • 864
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Choline Impact on Cognition
The influence of dietary choline availability on cognition is currently being suggested by animal and human studies which have focused mainly on the early developmental stages. The available rodent (rats and mice) research published during the last two decades provides compelling support for the relevance of dietary choline in cognition. The beneficial effects of choline supplementation are more evident in recognition rather than in spatial memory tasks when assessing nonpathological samples whilst these effects extend to other relational memory tasks in neuropathological models.
  • 863
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hypotensive Peptides Derived from Ricebran
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Anti-hypertensive peptides derived from animal proteins, such as milk, eggs and fish, are well studied. Anti-hypertensive peptides were also identified from plant proteins such as soybeans. Rice bran, a byproduct of white rice polishing, is rich in protein and its high protein efficiency ratio is well known. This entry discusses the anti-hypertensive peptides identified from rice bran protein and their mechanisms. Also, author described protease-digested rice bran from which functional peptides were not isolated. 
  • 862
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Diets that are high in added sugars and saturated fat have an impact on cognitive functioning, especially on memory. Cognitive task performance worsens with age. However, the frequency of consuming different types of foods (healthy versus unhealthy dietary patterns) moderates the effects of age on cognitive functioning.  Different indices of dietary patterns (both positive and negative) seem to be strong predictors of cognitive performance in the older adult group.   
  • 862
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Children Cancer Diagnosis Nutritional Status
Malnutrition is caused either by cancer itself or by its treatment, and affects the clinical outcome, the quality of life (QOL), and the overall survival (OS) of the patient. However, malnutrition in children with cancer should not be accepted or tolerated as an inevitable procedure at any stage of the disease. A review of the international literature from 2014 to 2019 was performed. Despite the difficulty of accurately assessing the prevalence of malnutrition, poor nutritional status has adverse effects from diagnosis to subsequent survival. Nutritional status (NS) at diagnosis relates to undernutrition, while correlations with clinical outcome are still unclear. Malnutrition adversely affects health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with cancer and collective evidence constantly shows poor nutritional quality in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Nutritional assessment and early intervention in pediatric cancer patients could minimize the side effects of treatment, improve their survival, and reduce the risk of nutritional morbidity with a positive impact on QOL, in view of the potentially manageable nature of this risk factor.
  • 859
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Food Classification and Long-Tailed Image Recognition
Food classification serves as the basic step of image-based dietary assessment to predict the types of foods in each input image. However, foods in real-world scenarios are typically long-tail distributed, where a small number of food types are consumed more frequently than others, which causes a severe class imbalance issue and hinders the overall performance. In addition, none of the existing long-tailed classification methods focus on food data, which can be more challenging due to the inter-class similarity and intra-class diversity between food images. 
  • 859
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity, Diet, Gut Microbiota
The human gut microbiota has been defined as the entire collection of microbes (bacteria, archaea, eukarya, and viruses) living as a complex ecosystem in our gastrointestinal tract, coevolved with humankind. Diet have a fundamental role in determining gut microbiota composition and diversity. 
  • 856
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Glycosylation of Ganoderma Triterpenoids
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus abundant in triterpenoids, its primary bioactive components. Although numerous Ganoderma triterpenoids have already been identified, rare Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins were recently discovered. To expand Ganoderma triterpenoids diversity and create novel Ganoderma saponins, Bacillus glycosyltransferases were used to glycosylate Ganoderma triterpenoids to produce novel Ganoderma saponins, which have high potential in pharmaceutical usages.
  • 856
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Assisted Wound Debridement in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment
Among complications caused by diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most serious and costly. Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the presence of infection, ulceration, or destruction of foot tissues associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and neuropathy. The effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted wound (UAW) debridement is due to the cavitation and micro-streaming effects of ultrasound. Cavitation refers to the formation of oscillating gas microbubbles in a fluid medium; when it occurs, microbubbles expand, contract, and implode, allowing the removal of non-viable tissue and biofilms without damaging healthy tissue. UAW debridement shows higher healing rates, a greater percentage of wound area reduction, and similar healing times in patients with DFUs, but greater quality evidence is needed to confirm these findings. UAW debridement could be an effective alternative when traditional debridement techniques are not available or are contraindicated for use.
  • 856
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. 
  • 854
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome According to the Circadian Rhythm
Physiological processes occur in accordance with a rhythm regulated by the endogenous biological clock. This clock is programmed at the molecular level and synchronized with the daily light–dark cycle, as well as activities such as feeding, exercise, and social interactions. It consists of the core clock genes, Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Protein Kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1 (BMAL1), and their products, the period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) proteins, as well as an interlocked feedback loop which includes reverse-strand avian erythroblastic leukemia (ERBA) oncogene receptors (REV-ERBs) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs). These genes are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways and hormone release. Therefore, circadian rhythm disruption leads to development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS refers to a cluster of risk factors (RFs), which are not only associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), but also with increased all-cause mortality.
  • 850
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin Effects on Gut Microbiota
Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, has been recently proposed for the management of neurodegeneration.  It is possible that curcumin could exert direct regulative effects primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, where high concentrations of curcumin are present after oral administration.
  • 849
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diet in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and a growing healthcare problem. Several dietary options can be considered in terms of COPD prevention and/or progression. Although definitive data are lacking, the available scientific evidence indicates that some foods and nutrients, especially those nutraceuticals endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and when consumed in combinations in the form of balanced dietary patterns, are associated with better pulmonary function, less lung function decline, and reduced risk of COPD.
  • 845
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 disease, is posing unprecedent challenges. In the literature, increasing evidence highlights how malnutrition negatively affects the immune system functionality, impairing protection from infections.
  • 844
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers
While hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been well studied in this regard, comparative clinical studies have fallen short of providing clear evidence in support of this modality for healing chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Topical oxygen therapy (TOT) has been in clinical use for over 50 years with encouraging pre-clinical and clinical studies that have shown improved healing rates when compared to standard care. Nonetheless, TOT has heretofore been discounted as an unproven wound healing modality without theoretical or clinical evidence to support its use.
  • 844
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Recommendations of Dietary Guidelines and Sustainability Aspects
In the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs)’ sustainability chapter, particular emphasis was put on the selection of foods, recommending a plant-based diet with a large quota of vegetable proteins. Advice was also given on the selection of local seasonal products, with low growth input, such as fertilizers, artificial light and heating. Reduction of animal food was recommended, to be substituted with lower impact foods (poultry, milk, eggs and Mediterranean fish including aquaculture). Food waste was largely addressed. Recommendations were made for food purchase planning, food storage and the reuse of leftovers as strategies to reduce waste and save money. The IDGs sustainability recommendations were related to the 16 guiding principles of a sustainable healthy diet and their contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Developing Goals was provided. The inclusion of sustainability in dietary guidelines requires a multidisciplinary approach to cover the wide range of aspects of a sustainable diet. In the IDGs, it was possible to show that practical recommendations for improving sustainability behavior can be passed on to consumers. 
  • 842
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Preventing Complications of Type-2 Diabetes
Diabetes is a major public health concern that is approaching epidemic proportions globally [1]. About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 1.6 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. The most common is the type 2 diabetes. In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels [2].
  • 841
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Management of Childhood Obesity
The examination of the etiology of childhood obesity is a growing area of research aiming to yield important insights for public health. Given the rising prevalence of childhood obesity in most developed and developing countries, it is now considered a global pandemic . Worldwide, an estimated 170 million children are considered overweight or obese currently, and approximately more than half of them are predicted to become obese adults. These trends in excess body weight may also contribute to an increase in chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, typically observed only in adults (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), but are becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents with obesity . Additionally, pediatric populations with obesity are known to have several psychosocial problems including discrimination, social isolation, and low self-esteem, which affect their health, education, and quality of life. Furthermore, the crosstalk between obesity and many viral pandemics, such as the 2009 swine flu or the current COVID-19 pandemic, has provided new insights into mortal characteristics of this chronic syndrome.
  • 839
  • 27 Apr 2021
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