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Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Aging
Aging is physiologically characterized by a decrease in lean mass, bone mineral density and, to a lesser extent, fat mass. The onset of sarcopenia leads to weakness and a further decrease in physical activity. An insufficient protein intake, which we often observe in patients of advanced age, certainly accelerates the progression of sarcopenia. In addition, many other factors (e.g., insulin resistance, impaired protein digestion and absorption of amino acids) reduce the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the elderly, even if the protein intake is adequate. Inadequate intake of foods can also cause micronutrient deficiencies that contribute to the development of frailty. The Mediterranean diet is recognized to be a “healthy food” dietary pattern; high adherence to this dietary pattern is associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases and lower physical impairment in old age.
  • 518
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Native Hypovitaminosis D and CKD
Native hypovitaminosis D (n-hVITD) is frequently found from the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its prevalence increases with CKD progression. 
  • 518
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder
The brain and gut, through the microbiota, can influence each other’s functions via neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and sensory-neural molecular pathways. Moreover, both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and gut peptides might be involved in this communication system.
  • 518
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics as Potential Therapy in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence, especially in Western countries. Supplementation with probiotics, live microorganisms, is a potential strategy for the management of NAFLD.
  • 518
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Hypotensive Peptides Derived from Ricebran
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Anti-hypertensive peptides derived from animal proteins, such as milk, eggs and fish, are well studied. Anti-hypertensive peptides were also identified from plant proteins such as soybeans. Rice bran, a byproduct of white rice polishing, is rich in protein and its high protein efficiency ratio is well known. This entry discusses the anti-hypertensive peptides identified from rice bran protein and their mechanisms. Also, author described protease-digested rice bran from which functional peptides were not isolated. 
  • 517
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Intervention and Aging Brain
Both physiological and pathological aging processes induce brain alterations especially affecting the speed of processing, working memory, conceptual reasoning and executive functions. As aging is partly contributed by free radical reactions, it has been proposed that exogenous antioxidants could have a positive impact on both aging and its associated manifestations.
  • 517
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Low Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets
In the 1940s, the diet-heart hypothesis proposed that high dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake promoted coronary heart disease in “at-risk“ individuals. This hypothesis prompted federal recommendations for a low-fat diet for “high risk” patients and as a preventive health measure for everyone except infants. The low carbohydrate diet, first used to treat type 1 diabetes, became a popular obesity therapy with the Atkins diet in the 1970s. Its predicted effectiveness was based largely on the hypothesis that insulin is the causa prima of weight gain and regain via hyperphagia and hypometabolism during and after weight reduction, and therefore reduced carbohydrate intake would promote and sustain weight loss. Based on literature reviews, there are insufficient randomized controlled inpatient studies examining the physiological significance of the mechanisms proposed to support one over the other. Outpatient studies can be confounded by poor diet compliance such that the quality and quantity of the energy intake cannot be ascertained. Many studies also fail to separate macronutrient quantity from quality. Overall, there is no conclusive evidence that the degree of weight loss or the duration of reduced weight maintenance are significantly affected by dietary macronutrient quantity beyond effects attributable to caloric intake. 
  • 516
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Oral Rehydration Therapy Evolution
The original studies demonstrating the efficacy of oral glucose-electrolytes solutions in reducing or eliminating the need for intravenous therapy to correct dehydration caused by acute watery diarrheas (AWD) were focused chiefly on cholera patients. Later research adapted the oral therapy (ORT) methodology for treatment of non-cholera AWDs including for pediatric patients. These adaptations included the 2:1 regimen using 2 parts of the original WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) formulation followed by 1 part additional plain water, and a “low sodium” packet formulation with similar average electrolyte and glucose concentrations when dissolved in the recom-mended volume of water.
  • 512
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Mediterranean Lifestyle
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the accumulation of excessive fat in the liver not linked to alcohol abuse. A Mediterranean diet has many healthy components: it decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, MetS, cancer, and overall mortality. The benefits of following a Mediterranean diet on NAFLD have also been described because it provides antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients useful in slowing the development of hepatic steatosis. A high adherence to a Mediterranean diet improves liver fat content, fibrosis, and insulin sensitivity.
  • 511
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Key Nutrients for Mental Health in Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Mental disorders can also contribute to the development of diabetes through various mechanisms including increased stress, poor self-care behaviors, and adverse effects on glucose metabolism. Consequently, individuals suffering from either of these conditions frequently experience comorbidity with the other. Nutrition plays an important role in both diabetes and mental health disorders including depression and anxiety. Deficiencies in specific nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and selenium have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both diabetes and mental disorders.
  • 511
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Mineral Spring Waters
Natural mineral spring waters are rich in different territories in most world areas. The waters have saline compositions that reflect their geological origin and are used for human health (often under medical prescription). However, scarce scientific attention has been dedicated to the use of these waters for athletes.
  • 509
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Nutrients during COVID-19
The past year has shown that obesity is a risk factor for severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 in-fection. Excess fat mass during obesity is known to be a risk factor for chronic diseases but also for severe infections and infectious complications.
  • 508
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Snack Bars Enriched with Tilapia
Snack bars (SBs), well-known as cereal bars, have been commonly consumed worldwide because they provide instant energy and are convenient to carry around. SBs moderate direct hunger and influence people’s nutritional status, which is commercially and nutritionally interesting. Most consumers care for their diet and health. Thus, eating SBs can be a source of intake of beneficial nutrients, such as fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. SBs are common oat (Avena sativa)-based products, a cereal technological feature that also supplies health benefits and cholesterol-lowering properties associated with β-glucan, a soluble-type dietary fiber. However, oat-based SBs are typically deficient and limited in their amino acid profile, especially in threonine and methionine. This condition can be improved by adding complementary protein sources such as legume or animal proteins (good sources of threonine and methionine), increasing the protein and fiber content and improving the bioactive content in the product.
  • 508
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cognition
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease globally, affecting approximately 25% of the general population. NAFLD occurs in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components.
  • 508
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Education Interventions in Children
Childhood obesity is a global public health issue and is linked to metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Social, economic and cultural factors influence changes in nutrition and lifestyle characterized by poorer diets and reduced physical activity.
  • 505
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Aging
Today, inactivity and high-calorie diets contribute to the development of obesity and premature aging. In addition, the population of elderly people is growing due to improvements in healthcare management. Obesity and aging are together key risk factors for non-communicable diseases associated with several co-morbidities and increased mortality, with a major impact on skeletal muscle defect and/or poor muscle mass quality.
  • 505
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics in NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological hepatic conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may predispose to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), adiposity and physical inactivity as well as genetic and epigenetic factors corroborate to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Emerging evidence has outlined the implication of gut microbiota and gut-derived endotoxins as actively contributors to NAFLD pathophysiology probably due to the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between the gut and the liver. Obesity, nutrition and environmental factors might alter intestinal permeability producing a favorable micro-environment for bacterial overgrowth, mucosal inflammation and translocation of both invasive pathogens and harmful byproducts, which, in turn, influence hepatic fat composition and exacerbated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
  • 504
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
PNO and PNLA Inhibit the Inflammatory Response
The health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and Pinolenic acid (PNLA) in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. The expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The anti-inflammatory effects of PNO have been shown in in vitro and in in vivo animal models, which have also been demonstrated with PNLA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)  impact inflammation by several mechanisms, including altering membrane function and structure, and regulating the synthesis of lipid mediators.
  • 504
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Products for Preventing Osteoporosis
Breast milk is the best infant food, but milk should not be avoided later in life to prevent losing bone mass. On the other hand, more and more people limit their milk consumption and consume other dairy or non-dairy products. For example, they are usually replaced with plant beverages, which should be consumed carefully in several age groups. Additionally, an important element of milk and dairy products, as well as plant beverages, are probiotics and prebiotics, which may modulate bone turnover. Dietary recommendations focused on milk, and dairy products are an important element for the prevention of osteoporosis.
  • 503
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Diets that are high in added sugars and saturated fat have an impact on cognitive functioning, especially on memory. Cognitive task performance worsens with age. However, the frequency of consuming different types of foods (healthy versus unhealthy dietary patterns) moderates the effects of age on cognitive functioning.  Different indices of dietary patterns (both positive and negative) seem to be strong predictors of cognitive performance in the older adult group.   
  • 502
  • 29 Sep 2021
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