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Topic Review
Bayesian Analysis in Social Sciences
Given the reproducibility crisis (or replication crisis), more psychologists and social-cultural scientists are getting involved with Bayesian inference. Therefore, the current article provides a brief overview of programs (or software) and steps to conduct Bayesian data analysis in social sciences. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Risky Driving Behaviour
This study evaluated the relationship between drivers’ cognitive biases (i.e., optimism bias, illusion of control) and risky driving behaviour. It also investigated the mediational role of risk perception in the relationship between cognitive biases and self-reported risky driving. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ontological Addiction
Ontological Addiction theory (OAT) presently construed as “the maladaptive condition whereby an individual is addicted to the belief that they inherently exist” risks being caught in a performative contradiction. This is related to an implicit transcendental reductionist assumption operative in its conception. Any assimulation and application of skillful means to mental health within a western context will also seek to integrate the insights of the Western Enlightenment and the value of the individual. Critically this entails a developmental appreciation of the problematic perception of egoic individualism as distinct from the conception of an individuating ‘whole person’, with ontological import. Thus OAT could positively be supplemented, reconstructed and reconceived as Ontological Affirmation Theory. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)
Problematic internet use or pathological internet use is generally defined as problematic, compulsive use of the internet, that results in significant impairment in an individual's function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder, with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance plummets as they spend more and more time online. Some also experience health consequences from loss of sleep, as they stay up later and later to chat online, check for social network status updates or to further progress in a game. Excessive Internet use has not been recognized as a disorder by the World Health Organization, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the diagnosis of gaming disorder has been included in the ICD-11. Controversy around the diagnosis includes whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Research has approached the question from a variety of viewpoints, with no universally standardized or agreed definitions, leading to difficulties in developing evidence based recommendations. As adolescents (12–19 years) and emerging adults (20–29 years) access the Internet more than any other age groups and undertake a higher risk of overuse, of the Internet the problem of Internet behavior disorder is most relevant to young people.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Crossover of Work Engagement
Work engagement is related to a plethora of positive outcomes both at the individual and organizational level. This positive organizational state can cross over from one individual to another, and this process may depend on several factors, such as the work context or individual differences. Crossover is a form of emotional contagion, and a conscious procedure in which transference of emotions and affective states is facilitated by the empathic reactions of partners.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Experiences of Parenting Multiple Expressions of Relationally Challenging Childhood Behaviours across Contexts
This entry delves into the parenting literature and reveals the complexities, perspectives, and multiple expressions of parenting challenging childhood behavior that distress or negatively impact the parent-child relationship so that we can better understand how to support families who are struggling to cope. The entry specifically focuses on the period of transition to school for children aged five to eight years. This transition can illuminate vulnerabilities previously hidden as children attempt to navigate the demands of their unfamiliar environment, meaning that parents can experience distress and emotional challenges. The entry explores the various expressions of relationally challenging behavior and comments on the intersectionality and reciprocity of explicit and implicit expressions of affect such as frustration and anxiety. To gain context, the entry examines common antecedents associated with relationally challenging behavior, such as academic comparison, forming friendships, hidden neurodiverse development, neglect, attachment dysfunction, and family conflict. Qualitative literature enriches understanding and identifies problems such as parental distress related to social stigma and minority stress and reveals specific struggles, including stress, related to homeschooling children with special educational needs, homeschooling during the recent pandemic, single parenting, grandparenting, parenting neurodiverse children, and the triangulated tensions that exist between the parent, the child, and the school. Holding in mind these diverse and context-orientated perspectives, this entry examines research that evaluates helpfulness and illuminates deficiencies of popular structured parent programs. Lastly, the entry identifies and illuminates the need to know more about the ways in which parent programs work, and it is anticipated that this new knowledge will help practitioners to better respond to the complexities of need and expectations of families who struggle to cope with relationally challenging behavior.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming
Sleep paralysis and lucid dreams are two states of consciousness that are connected to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep but are defined by higher awareness in contrast to regular REM sleep. Despite these similarities, the two states differ widely in their emotional tone and their perceived controllability.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2023
Biography
David Eisner
David Alfred Eisner, FRCP (Hon), FMedSci,[1] (born 3 January 1955)[2][3] is British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiac Physiology at the University of Manchester and editor-in-chief of The Journal of General Physiology (JGP).[4] Eisner was born in 1955 in Manchester, the son of the physicist and writer Herbert Eisner.[3][5][6] After attending Manchester Grammar School, he received his B.A.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Depersonalization
Depersonalization can consist of a detachment within the self, regarding one's mind or body, or being a detached observer of oneself. Subjects feel they have changed and that the world has become vague, dreamlike, less real, lacking in significance or being outside reality while looking in. Chronic depersonalization refers to depersonalization/derealization disorder, which is classified by the DSM-5 as a dissociative disorder, based on the findings that depersonalization and derealization are prevalent in other dissociative disorders including dissociative identity disorder. Though degrees of depersonalization and derealization can happen to anyone who is subject to temporary anxiety or stress, chronic depersonalization is more related to individuals who have experienced a severe trauma or prolonged stress/anxiety. Depersonalization-derealization is the single most important symptom in the spectrum of dissociative disorders, including dissociative identity disorder and "dissociative disorder not otherwise specified" (DD-NOS). It is also a prominent symptom in some other non-dissociative disorders, such as anxiety disorders, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder, hypothyroidism or endocrine disorders, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, migraines, and sleep deprivation; it can also be a symptom of some types of neurological seizure. In social psychology, and in particular self-categorization theory, the term depersonalization has a different meaning and refers to "the stereotypical perception of the self as an example of some defining social category".
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Radial Arm Maze Task
The Radial Arm Maze (RAM), developed by Olton and Samuelson (1976) and quickly adapted in humans, is a high ecological spatial task, firstly used in a real environment and subsequently in the virtual one.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Emotional Labor and Burnout among Teachers
A significant amount of emotional labor and burnout takes place during teaching. Teaching is a multitasking profession that consists of both cognitive and emotional components, with teachers engaging in emotional labor on a daily basis as an instrumental part of achieving teaching goals and positive learning outcomes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Interventions for Treatment of Eco-Anxiety
As climate change worsens and public awareness of its grave impact increases, individuals are increasingly experiencing distressing mental health symptoms which are often grouped under the umbrella term of eco-anxiety. Interventions for the treatment of eco-anxiety are proposed.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physical Exercise among College Students in China
The status of the physical exercise of college students has been a popular topic in China. It has been established that adults engaging in regular physical activity will improve their health. For college students, maintaining good exercise habits can effectively reduce their risk of chronic diseases. Moreover, the academic years are the optimum time for university students to learn the fundamentals of exercise, form the proper participation habits in sports, and cultivate a lifelong sports consciousness.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in France
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to governments in 157 countries introducing lockdowns or re-strictions to people’s movement and access to health and welfare support services as well as other rules including social distancing, use of masks, and quarantine. The French government introduced its first mandatory national lockdown on 17 March 2020 due to elevated cases and death rates of COVID-19 in the country. This public health measure required the general population to stay at home except those carrying out an essential job (referred to as a ‘key worker’ in the domains of transportation, education, food, and health), to buy necessary items, or to engage in physical activity. Evidence demonstrates that the pandemic disproportionately affected socially vulnerable populations, including migrants. The pandemic exposed and exacerbated health and social inequities among migrant and ethnic/racial groups. Less is known about the firsthand impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns, specifically on migrant populations in France.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Biography
Jan Baptist Van Helmont
Jan Baptist van Helmont (/ˈhɛlmɒnt/;[1] Dutch: [ˈɦɛlmɔnt]; 12 January 1580 – 30 December 1644) was a chemist, physiologist, and physician from the Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and the rise of iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered to be "the founder of pneumatic chemistry".[2] Van Helmont is remembered
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Creativity as an Intervention
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce novel and useful ideas. Being creative influences our achievements in various domains, from the invention of new technologies that facilitate our everyday life to the development of artistic output for our pleasure and entertainment. Given that creativity involves the ability to create original, useful, remote, and unusual associations between ideas, it may possibly trigger a broad style of thinking that is not stereotypical in its attitude toward outgroups. Thus, creative cognition may offer a new avenue for interventions aimed at diminishing group-related biases.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond
The human–animal relationship is ancient, complex and multifaceted. It may have either positive effects on humans and animals or poor or even negative and detrimental effects on animals or both humans and animals. A large body of literature has investigated the beneficial effects of this relationship in which both human and animals appear to gain physical and psychological benefits from living together in a reciprocated interaction. However, analyzing the literature with a different perspective it clearly emerges that not rarely are human–animal relationships characterized by different forms and levels of discomfort and suffering for animals and, in some cases, also for people. The negative physical and psychological consequences on animals’ well-being may be very nuanced and concealed, but there are situations in which the negative consequences are clear and striking, as in the case of animal violence, abuse or neglect. Empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism are human psychological mechanisms that are considered relevant for positive and healthy relationships with animals, but when dysfunctional or pathological determine physical or psychological suffering, or both, in animals as occurs in animal hoarding.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Biography
J. Gayle Beck
J. Gayle Beck is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in trauma stress disorders[1] and anxiety disorders.[2] She is the Lillian and Morrie Moss Chair of Excellence in the Department of Psychology at the University of Memphis. Beck was President of the Society of Clinical Psychology, American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12, in 2012[3] and President of the Association fo
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Interpersonal Effects of Guilt
Research on the effects of guilt on interpersonal relationships has shown that guilt, as a moral emotion, frequently motivates prosocial behavior in dyadic social situations.  
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Potential Effects of Time Pressure on Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests are often performed under time constraints for practical reasons, but the effects of time pressure on reasoning performance are poorly understood. A brief review of major expected effects of time pressure is presented herein, which includes forcing participants to skip items, convoking a mental speed factor, constraining response times, qualitatively altering cognitive processing, affecting anxiety and motivation, and interacting with individual differences. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jul 2023
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