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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity
Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may develop a constellation of symptoms and signs including optic disc edema, choroidal folds, and a hyperopic shift from the flattening of the globe. These ocular findings have been collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). SANS is a condition that is unique to long-duration spaceflight. The precise pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several hypotheses have been proposed that may be influenced by intraocular pressure. Countermeasures for SANS research also include techniques that impact intraocular pressure. In this article, we discuss intraocular pressure during spaceflight, the translaminar pressure gradient, SANS and potential SANS countermeasures, and the potential for glaucomatous damage during spaceflight.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19: Gender and Outcomes
The existence of differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection between males and females in both incidence and outcomes is well documented in the scientific literature. These differences, which are still underestimated, may have important implications in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19, with significant prognostic consequences. The greater severity of the infection observed in males, even more so if they are elderly, would seem, according to current knowledge, to be due to multiple influences: immunological and endocrinological, but also genetic and behavioral.
  • 3.5K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Urban Wetlands
Wetlands are a critical part of natural environments that offer a wide range of ecosystem services. In urban areas, wetlands contribute to the livability of cities through improving the water quality, carbon sequestration, providing habitats for wildlife species, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and creating recreation opportunities. 
  • 3.5K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Kikuchi Lines
Kikuchi lines are patterns of electrons formed by scattering. They pair up to form bands in electron diffraction from single crystal specimens, there to serve as "roads in orientation-space" for microscopists uncertain of what they are looking at. In transmission electron microscopes, they are easily seen in diffraction from regions of the specimen thick enough for multiple scattering. Unlike diffraction spots, which blink on and off as one tilts the crystal, Kikuchi bands mark orientation space with well-defined intersections (called zones or poles) as well as paths connecting one intersection to the next. Experimental and theoretical maps of Kikuchi band geometry, as well as their direct-space analogs e.g. bend contours, electron channeling patterns, and fringe visibility maps are increasingly useful tools in electron microscopy of crystalline and nanocrystalline materials. Because each Kikuchi line is associated with Bragg diffraction from one side of a single set of lattice planes, these lines can be labeled with the same Miller or reciprocal-lattice indices that are used to identify individual diffraction spots. Kikuchi band intersections, or zones, on the other hand are indexed with direct-lattice indices i.e. indices which represent integer multiples of the lattice basis vectors a, b and c. Kikuchi lines are formed in diffraction patterns by diffusely scattered electrons, e.g. as a result of thermal atom vibrations. The main features of their geometry can be deduced from a simple elastic mechanism proposed in 1928 by Seishi Kikuchi, although the dynamical theory of diffuse inelastic scattering is needed to understand them quantitatively. In x-ray scattering, these lines are referred to as Kossel lines (named after Walther Kossel).
  • 3.5K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Comet Lake
Comet Lake is Intel's codename for its 10th generation Core microprocessors. They are manufactured using Intel's third 14 nm Skylake process refinement, succeeding the Whiskey Lake U-series mobile processor and Coffee Lake desktop processor families. Intel announced low-power mobile Comet Lake-U CPUs on August 21, 2019, H-series mobile CPUs on April 2, 2020, desktop Comet Lake-S CPUs April 30, 2020, and Xeon W-1200 series workstation CPUs on May 13, 2020. Comet Lake processors and Ice Lake 10 nm processors are together branded as the Intel "10th Generation Core" family. Intel officially launched Comet Lake-Refresh CPUs on the same day as 11th Gen Core Rocket Lake launch. The low-power mobile Comet Lake-U Core and Celeron 5205U CPUs were discontinued on July 7, 2021.
  • 3.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Gas Processing
Natural gas processing plants, or fractionators, are used to purify the raw natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought up to the surface by gas wells. The processed natural gas, used as fuel by residential, commercial and industial consumers, is almost pure methane and is very much different from the raw natural gas.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Forbes Family
The Forbes family is a wealthy extended American family long prominent in Boston, Massachusetts . The family's fortune originates from trading between North America and China in the 19th century plus other investments in the same period. The name descends from Scottish immigrants, and can be traced back to Sir John de Forbes in Scotland in the 12th century. Family members include businessman John Murray Forbes (1813 – 1898), part of the first generation who accumulated wealth, and politician John Forbes Kerry (born 1943).
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum aethiopicum is a very important vegetable for both rural and urban communities in Africa. The crop is rich in both macro-and micronutrients compared with other vegetables and is suitable for ensuring food and nutritional security.
  • 3.5K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Christian Atheism
Christian atheism is a form of Christianity that rejects theistic claims of Christianity, but draws its beliefs and practices from Jesus' life and/or teachings as recorded in the New Testament Gospels and other sources. Christian atheism takes many forms:
  • 3.5K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Biography
Alan Sokal
Alan David Sokal (/ˈsoʊkəl/; born January 24, 1955) is a professor of mathematics at University College London and professor of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is a critic of postmodernism, and caused the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University's Social Text. He also works to counter
  • 3.5K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biosurfactants
Biosurfactants can play a significant role in the prevention, control and treatment of diseases caused by a range of pathogenic agents through various therapeutic, pharmaceutical, environmental and hygiene approaches. 
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Vinylidene Fluoride
1,1-difluoroethylene (VDF) is one of the major fluoromonomers, which are the feedstock for the production of various resins, rubbers membrane and paints. The polymers derived from VDF (PVDF) or co-polymers with unique chemical resistance, stability at elevated temperatures, oxidation resistance, weatherability, piezoelectricity, dielectric and thermoelectricity, find wide applications in areas including petrochemical, electronic and electrical, and fluorocarbon coating. VDF is the second largest product among fluorocarbons with an annual production capacity of above 53,000 tons. The demand for VDF is increasing rapidly. At present, in industry, VDF is usually produced via the dehydrochlorination of 1,1-difluoro-1-chloroethane (HCFC-142b) at reaction temperatures above 650 °C
  • 3.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glutamate Decarboxylase
Glutamate decarboxylase (l-glutamate-1-carboxylase, GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is a pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible α-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and CO2. The enzyme is widely distributed in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, where it—together with its reaction product GABA—fulfils very different physiological functions. The occurrence of gad genes encoding GAD has been shown for many microorganisms, and GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been a focus of research during recent years. A wide range of traditional foods produced by fermentation based on LAB offer the potential of providing new functional food products enriched with GABA that may offer certain health-benefits. Different GAD enzymes and genes from several strains of LAB have been isolated and characterized recently.
  • 3.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Christian Contemplation
Christian contemplation, from contemplatio (Latin; Greek θεωρία, theoria), refers to several Christian practices which aim at "looking at", "gazing at", "being aware of" God or the Divine. It includes several practices and theological concepts, and until the sixth century the practice of what is now called mysticism was referred to by the term contemplatio, c.q. theoria. Christianity took up the use of both the Greek (theoria) and Latin (contemplatio, contemplation) terminology to describe various forms of prayer and the process of coming to know God. Eastern and Western traditions of Christianity grew apart as they incorporated the general notion of theoria into their respective teachings. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that, "the Christian tradition comprises three major expressions of the life of prayer: vocal prayer, meditation, and contemplative prayer. They have in common the recollection of the heart." Three stages are discerned in contemplative practice, namely purgative contemplation, contemplation proper, and the vision of God.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Digital Transformation in the UK Retail Sector
Digital transformation is the process by which businesses adopt use of digital technologies to fundamentally change operations and customer interactions in order to optimize delivery and service. The UK refers to the United Kingdom which is shorthand for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which is a European country that primarily includes England, Wales and Scotland together with the northern part of Ireland. The retail sector includes businesses that sell goods or services directly to consumers for their personal use, opposed to selling to other organizations for business applications. Generation refers to a series of broad age groups that are considered to demonstrate different generalized characteristics.
  • 3.5K
  • 10 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Marine bromophenols, synthesis, biological effects
The first two marine BPs were isolated from the red algae Rhodomela larix.  Bromophenol´s (BPs) have been isolated from red, brown and green algea, ascadians, mussels, marine proteobacteria and sponges.  BPs are common marine secondary metabolites. BPs have been found to have many beneficial health properties. The synthetic efforts have been concentrated on making more of isolated compounds, but also on improving the structures to obtain better biological effects.  In that respect, it is of course useful to analyze the effects of already known compounds.  It seems like the number of hydroxyl groups is an important factor and so is conjugation for anti-oxidant and anti-radical activity.  Conjugation can be caused by nitro, acetyl or aldehyde groups preferentially in para-position to the OH-group.  On the other hand, bromination does not always seem to be a determining factor.  
  • 3.5K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Agent-Based Programming
Intelligent and autonomous agents is a subarea of symbolic artificial intelligence where these agents decide, either reactively or proactively, upon a course of action by reasoning about the information that is available about the world (including the environment, the agent itself, and other agents). It encompasses a multitude of techniques, such as negotiation protocols, agent simulation, multi-agent argumentation, multi-agent planning, and many others. In an agent-based programming language, agents are the building blocks, and programs are obtained by programming their behaviours (how an agent reasons), their goals (what an agent aims to achieve) and their interoperation (how agents collaborate to solve a task).
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is one of the most essential medicinal plants primarily found in the rainforest area and forest ecosystem, but is now well-adapted in an organized cultivation system. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is well-known as Drumstick tree, Moringa kai, color, Marengo, Moringe, mulangay, Sahjan, and Sajna, which are its native names commonly used. It has nourishing, beneficial, and preventive effects when taken as food and has an extensive scope of high restorative properties with huge dietary benefits. Different parts of the M. oleifera plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and roots, contain a significant amount of protein, ß-carotene, amino acids, important minerals, and various phenolic compounds. Because of its multifarious health benefits for its therapeutic value, it is considered an essential plant. The plant is found to be blessed with several medicinal characteristics such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, cholesterol-level down, cell reinforcement, and hepatoprotective. Moreover, it is used traditionally in the local curative system against cardiac problems, and the antifungal properties are efficiently utilized for the treatment of a wide range of ailments.
  • 3.5K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Physics
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics (also known as physical mathematics).
  • 3.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant to Plant Communication via Mycorrhizal Networks
Plants communicate via mycorrhizal networks with other plants of the same or different species. Mycorrhizal networks allow for the transfers of signals and cues between plants which influence the behavior of the connected plants by inducing morphological or physiological changes. The chemical substances which act as these signals and cues are referred to as infochemicals. These can be allelochemicals, defensive chemicals or nutrients. Allelochemicals are used by plants to interfere with the growth or development of other plants or organisms, defensive chemicals can help plants in mycorrhizal networks defend themselves against attack by pathogens or herbivores, and transferred nutrients can affect growth and nutrition. Results of studies which demonstrate these modes of communication have led the authors to hypothesize mechanisms by which the transfer of these nutrients can affect the fitness of the connected plants.
  • 3.5K
  • 05 Dec 2022
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