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Topic Review
Effects of Prenatal BPS/BPF Exposure on Offspring’s Health
Pregnancy and lactation are critical periods for human well-being and are sensitive windows for pollutant exposure. Bisphenol A (BPA) is well demonstrated as a toxicant and has been replaced in the plastic industry with other bisphenol analogs that share similarities in structure and characteristics, most commonly Bisphenol S (BPS) and Bisphenol F (BPF). Maternal exposure to BPS or BPF can result in their accumulation in the fetal compartment, leading to chronic exposure and potentially limiting normal fetal growth and development.
  • 238
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban
The proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ban over 12,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has sparked a debate about potential consequences for the economy, industry, and the environment. Although some PFAS are known to be harmful, a blanket ban may lead to significant problems in attempting to replace PFAS-based materials for environmental transition, as well as in medical devices and everyday products.
  • 237
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined CE as a neglected disease, it is the second most important foodborne parasitic disease, and it remains an important public health issue, considering its zonal endemicity and potential morbidity. The control and prevention of CE is a relevant WHO target, especially from a One Health perspective, as the disease affects not only animals and humans but also the food chain. Since not all countries have a CE surveillance strategy or reporting system and specific management guidelines, recent epidemiological data are relatively scarce, and research concerning the specific geographical distribution of the disease is ongoing. 
  • 237
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Multitoxin Contamination
Mycotoxins, as natural products of molds, are often unavoidable contaminants of food and feed, to which the increasingly evident climate changes contribute a large part. The consequences are more or less severe and range from economic losses to worrying health problems to a fatal outcome. One of the best preventive approaches is regular monitoring of food and feed for the presence of mycotoxins. However, even under conditions of frequent, comprehensive, and conscientious controls, the desired protection goal may not be achieved. In fact, it often happens that, despite favorable analytical results that do not indicate high mycotoxin contamination, symptoms of their presence occur in practice. The most common reasons for this are the simultaneous presence of several different mycotoxins whose individual content does not exceed the detectable or prescribed values and/or the alteration of the form of the mycotoxin, which renders it impossible to be analytically determined using routine methods. When such contaminated foods enter a living organism, toxic effects occur.
  • 235
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity and Physical Function in Old Age
Accumulating evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) is an efficient intervention to maintain functional capabilities and mitigate physiological changes in the older population. Resistance training (RT) is an effective intervention for improving physical function in frail populations; thus, it has important implications for the development of PA programs for older adults with frailty. 
  • 234
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Contamination of Pathogens on Shellfish
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur.
  • 231
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Forests Exposure
Numerous studies have confirmed the positive impacts of real forests in areas such as stress relief. However, not everyone can visit forests easily. Virtual technologies offer new ways of experiencing forests for people who are hindered by real-life conditions and provide researchers with a manageable mode of study. 
  • 230
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Changes in Psychological Demands over Time on Employee Burnout
Employees facing greater psychological demands over time (increasing psychological demands) and benefitting from social support from their coworkers had less cynicism. 
  • 229
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Childhood Obesity and Comorbidities in High-Risk Minority Populations
Developed high-income countries (HICs) such as the UK, USA, Australia and Canada continue to experience a rapid increase in obesity across all age groups. Among children the issue obesity is becoming more concerning since they are now experiencing obesity-associated "adult-diseases" including type-2 diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver diseases. Disparities among populations have also been noted where minority ethnicities suffer a much higher prevalence of childhood obesity and associated comorbidities than the rest of the populations. The increased childhood obesity disparities among populations reflect two concerns: one is HICs’ ineffective intervention approaches in terms of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activity in minority populations, and the second is the virtually non-existent lifestyle obesity interventions in LMICs.
  • 198
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Modern Environment as New Secondary Cause of Hypertension
The most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, is hypertension. Although most cases of hypertension are thought to be essential, the multifactorial associations of the environmental influence on blood pressure seem to play an important role and should be more closely investigated. 
  • 193
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Challenges in Global Distribution
This entry is aimed at addressing the Challenges in global Distribution and equitable access to monkeypox vaccines.
  • 90
  • 31 Oct 2024
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