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Topic Review
Green Dental Environmentalism
In every workplace, human sustainability is closely connected to the quality of establishments, the accessibility of green and blue spaces, and safety In dentistry, as in other fields, the physical setting is linked to an employee’s ability to physically engage with the workplace. A healthy dental workplace atmosphere positively influences individual employees’ behavior, enthusiasm, creativity, motivation, and efficiency, and, on the other hand, their desire to quit.
  • 520
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 in South African Population
The unprecedented spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in the urgent need for rapid and reliable diagnostic tests. Accurately diagnosing individuals with infection was paramount to limit the transmission of the virus and to reduce morbidity and mortality.
  • 513
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Contamination of Pathogens on Shellfish
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur.
  • 506
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Respiratory Toxicology of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyethylene glycol), which are frequently used in industrial and biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties.
  • 501
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Physical Activity and Physical Function in Old Age
Accumulating evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) is an efficient intervention to maintain functional capabilities and mitigate physiological changes in the older population. Resistance training (RT) is an effective intervention for improving physical function in frail populations; thus, it has important implications for the development of PA programs for older adults with frailty. 
  • 501
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Multitoxin Contamination
Mycotoxins, as natural products of molds, are often unavoidable contaminants of food and feed, to which the increasingly evident climate changes contribute a large part. The consequences are more or less severe and range from economic losses to worrying health problems to a fatal outcome. One of the best preventive approaches is regular monitoring of food and feed for the presence of mycotoxins. However, even under conditions of frequent, comprehensive, and conscientious controls, the desired protection goal may not be achieved. In fact, it often happens that, despite favorable analytical results that do not indicate high mycotoxin contamination, symptoms of their presence occur in practice. The most common reasons for this are the simultaneous presence of several different mycotoxins whose individual content does not exceed the detectable or prescribed values and/or the alteration of the form of the mycotoxin, which renders it impossible to be analytically determined using routine methods. When such contaminated foods enter a living organism, toxic effects occur.
  • 498
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer
Oral cancer (OC) is among the most prevalent cancers in the world. Certain geographical areas are disproportionately affected by OC cases due to the regional differences in dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, conventional therapeutic methods do not yield satisfying treatment outcomes. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the disease process and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OC.
  • 484
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Childhood Obesity and Comorbidities in High-Risk Minority Populations
Developed high-income countries (HICs) such as the UK, USA, Australia and Canada continue to experience a rapid increase in obesity across all age groups. Among children the issue obesity is becoming more concerning since they are now experiencing obesity-associated "adult-diseases" including type-2 diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver diseases. Disparities among populations have also been noted where minority ethnicities suffer a much higher prevalence of childhood obesity and associated comorbidities than the rest of the populations. The increased childhood obesity disparities among populations reflect two concerns: one is HICs’ ineffective intervention approaches in terms of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activity in minority populations, and the second is the virtually non-existent lifestyle obesity interventions in LMICs.
  • 481
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Modern Environment as New Secondary Cause of Hypertension
The most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, is hypertension. Although most cases of hypertension are thought to be essential, the multifactorial associations of the environmental influence on blood pressure seem to play an important role and should be more closely investigated. 
  • 474
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Health of Healthcare Professionals in Oncology
From the analysis of the scientific literature relating to the health of oncological patients, the need to consider the global dimension of health of individuals emerges, which subsumes the bodily dimension and involves all the actors who offer their contribution to it in different ways. In this direction, the state of the art of the health construct offered by healthcare professionals highlights a lack of scientific contributions to the specific subject although these professionals are fundamental figures in oncological diagnosis setups. A in the oncological field studied the competencies of patients and caregivers in the management of the implications of surgery: it emerged that oncological treatments have effects on all aspects of life; thus, the roles in an oncological situation need to develop new competencies in order to preserve life quality.
  • 470
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Unveiling Therapeutic Targets for Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC) is defined by an uncontrolled growth of tissues in the muscular hollow channel separating the throat from the stomach known as the esophageal wall. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two primary histological forms.
  • 469
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Changes in Psychological Demands over Time on Employee Burnout
Employees facing greater psychological demands over time (increasing psychological demands) and benefitting from social support from their coworkers had less cynicism. 
  • 448
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Scoping Review for Hamstring Injury Risk Monitoring in Australian Rules Football
Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are the most common time loss injury sustained in male Australian Football League (AFL) athletes, causing significant financial cost, time cost, and impaired team and individual performance. In a squad of 42 players, HSIs accounted for 4.86 new injuries sustained by players per club per AFL season in 2020. This is consistent with injury reporting over the last decade in AFL, despite best efforts to reduce the rate. This scoping review sought to firstly identify the reported hamstring injury prevention risk factors in elite AFL, discern the impact of these factors, and map the gaps in the current literature using a biopsychosocial understanding of injury prevention. The scoping review process was based on the Askey and O’Malley framework. Five relevant online databases (MEDLINE, Proquest, CINAHL, SPORTdiscuss, and EMBASE) were systematically searched using a series of Boolean and operator terms following the PRISMA-ScR protocol using the criteria: (1) assessing male professional/elite athletes in AFL; (2) written in English and peer-reviewed; (3) full text available; and (4) published after 2006. Only manuscripts that fit the search terms and inclusion criteria were retained in the scoping review. Following an initial search, 246 potential studies were identified, with 12 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after full-text screening. The risk factors examined were subclassified into modifiable and non-modifiable categories. Modifiable factors include high-speed running exposure, gluteus medius activation, eccentric hamstring strength, shorter bicep femoris fascicle length, use of interchange, and hamstring stiffness. Non-modifiable factors include previous history of HSI and limb injury, age, and size of injury on MRI. This scoping review highlights the need for continued monitoring of high-speed running volumes as rapid increases in completed distances present as a substantial risk factor. The modifiable mechanistic risk factors of eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring stiffness were identified as important components of player screening to reduce the risk of future HSI. Risk factors identified throughout will help develop comprehensive injury profiling for athletes. Further research is warranted to develop a holistic approach to injury profiling.
  • 355
  • 28 May 2025
Topic Review
Challenges in Global Distribution
This entry is aimed at addressing the Challenges in global Distribution and equitable access to monkeypox vaccines.
  • 349
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Reflections on a Global Crisis: From Response to Readiness—A Multidisciplinary Perspective on COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on global health, economies, and daily life, prompting an unprecedented surge in scientific research and collaboration. This collection of articles published in MDPI’s Encyclopedia captures a diverse range of perspectives on the pandemic and provides a multidisciplinary perspective on the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrating its biological, social, cultural, and institutional dimensions. Together, these contributions form a coherent and enduring resource for understanding arguably the most transformative public health events of the 21st century. The contributions can be grouped into a number of categories:
  • 66
  • 16 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy (OT) is a client-centered health profession that promotes health, well-being, and participation in meaningful activities—termed occupations—across the lifespan. OT addresses physical, cognitive, emotional, and social factors that influence an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks, including self-care, work, leisure, and community engagement. By using purposeful activities, adaptive strategies, and environmental modifications, occupational therapists aim to enhance independence, prevent disability, and improve quality of life.
  • 43
  • 24 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Harms of Problem Gambling and Informed Play
Understanding the interconnectedness of the gambling harms is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to mitigate the damage caused by problem gambling. Central to this effort is the concept of playing informed. The current review synthesizes current research on the cascading harms in relation to the critical role of informed gambling in the reduction of these harms, while pointing out interdisciplinary connections that might contribute to this research for crystallizing an adequate conceptual and theoretical framework.
  • 29
  • 01 Dec 2025
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