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Topic Review
Iconic Handshape Preferences in Family Homesign Systems
Homesigners are deaf individuals who have not acquired a signed or spoken language and who innovate unique gesture systems to communicate with hearing friends and family (“communication partners”).
  • 889
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Some Linguistic Aspects of the Term “Statistics”
The origin of the word “Statistics” is mistakenly sought in the Latin word “Status”. Although the term is indeed etymologically linked to “Status”, it is derived from the Greek noun “Στατός” (statos), meaning standing.
  • 886
  • 27 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Positive Affect Evoked by Music and the Arts
A positive experience in response to a piece of music or a work of art (hence ‘music/art’) has been linked to health and wellbeing outcomes but can often be reported as indescribable (ineffable), creating challenges for research. There are two simultaneously occurring classes of experience are proposed: the ‘emotion class’ of experience (ECE) and the positive ‘affect class’ of experience (PACE). ECE consists of conventional, discrete, and communicable emotions with a reasonably well-established lexicon. PACE relates to a more private world of prototypical aesthetic emotions and experiences investigated in positive psychology.
  • 885
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Aspect Use in General-Factual Contexts in Slavic-Relevant Accounts
The group of Slavic languages is divided into three subgroups: South Slavic, consisting of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Slovene, Bulgarian, and Macedonian; West Slavic, consisting of Czech, Slovak, Sorbian, Polish, and Kashubian; and East Slavic, consisting of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian.
  • 818
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exposures on the Learning of L2 Binomials
While both fish and chips and chips and fish are perfectly grammatical phrases in English, native speakers are much more likely to say the former than the latter. For second language learners, this poses a considerable challenge: they need to learn what grammatical utterances are more probable.
  • 801
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Translation Studies
Translation Studies is an academic discipline that investigates translation and interpreting as its primary and explicitly delimited object of study, focusing on the transfer of meaning, function, and textual organization between source and target texts, including interlingual, intralingual, and intersemiotic forms of translation [1][2]. Its core features include: (a) treating translational processes and products as the central focus of description and explanation; (b) identifying and modeling the norms, strategies, and constraints that shape translation decisions in specific contexts [3][4]; and (c) developing conceptual and terminological frameworks for systematically accounting for how translations operate across different languages and media [1][2]. The term does not ordinarily cover general language learning or broad intercultural communication where these phenomena are not analyzed specifically through translation processes and outcomes [2].
  • 26
  • 11 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Cultural Linguistics
Cultural Linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics that investigates how language is shaped by, reflects, and distributes culturally grounded patterns of conceptualization, such as cultural schemas, categories, metaphors, and norms [1][2][3]. It treats these “cultural conceptualizations” as shared cognitive resources within speech communities and studies how they are encoded in lexical choices, grammatical constructions, discourse practices, and pragmatic conventions [1][3]. Cultural Linguistics focuses on the systematic relationship between language and culture at the level of meaning and conceptual organization, rather than on individual attitudes or broad sociological descriptions [2][3]. It delineates a research framework in which linguistic analysis is explicitly linked to culture-specific ways of understanding experience, while maintaining that such conceptualizations are historically developed, collectively distributed, and variably instantiated across speakers [1][2][3]. As such, the term “Cultural Linguistics” refers to a theoretical and analytical approach to language–culture relations grounded in the notion of cultural conceptualization, not to a general study of “culture” or to all socially oriented linguistics [1][3].
  • 19
  • 11 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Literary Linguistics
Literary linguistics is a branch of linguistics that examines how language is structured and used in literary texts, applying systematic linguistic methods to describe and explain meaning, form, and effect in literature [1][2][3]. It focuses on features such as grammar, lexis, phraseology, narrative structure, and discourse organization, treating literary texts as instances of language that can be analyzed with established linguistic frameworks [1][2]. Within this perspective, literary linguistics overlaps with and is often identified with stylistics, particularly linguistic stylistics, which investigates patterns of style at phonological, lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic levels in literary writing [2][3]. The term designates the linguistically oriented study of literature, distinct from general literary theory or criticism that may not rely on explicit linguistic models, and from non-literary language analysis that does not concentrate on literary genres [1][2][3].
  • 16
  • 11 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that investigates the relationship between language and social factors, analyzing how linguistic forms and patterns vary and are distributed across speakers, groups, and situations within a speech community [1][2][3]. It focuses on systematic correlations between language use and variables such as social class, gender, age, ethnicity, network, and setting, treating these correlations as central objects of linguistic description [2][3]. Sociolinguistics examines both structural aspects of language—such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis—and interactional features like discourse organization and pragmatic choices, insofar as they are conditioned by social organization and social meaning [2][3]. The term delineates the field concerned with language variation, change, and use in their social context, distinguishing it from purely formal linguistics that abstracts away from social factors, and from general social theory that does not systematically analyze linguistic form [1][2][3].
  • 13
  • 11 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Literary Texts
“Literary texts” are verbal works—written or oral—that are primarily organized and valued for their aesthetic, imaginative, and rhetorical qualities rather than for direct practical or instructional purposes [1]. They conventionally include genres such as poetry, drama, narrative fiction, and certain forms of the essay, in which language is deliberately shaped through devices like figurative expression, patterned sound, narrative structure, and thematic layering to invite sustained interpretation and multiple possible readings [2]. What distinguishes literary texts from predominantly informational or technical discourse is the foregrounding of “literariness,” that is, the use of formal and semantic features of language to create complexity, fictionality, and a self-conscious play with meaning and form [1]. Although the boundary between literary and non-literary discourse can be historically flexible, literary texts are conceptually defined as those verbal artefacts whose structure, style, and representational strategies are designed to be read as artistic compositions and to reward attention to textuality, fictionality, rhetoricity, and historicity [2].
  • 8
  • 11 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Translation Services
Translation services are organized professional activities in which a provider delivers written language conversion from a source language into one or more target languages according to agreed specifications, such as subject field, target audience, delivery format, and turnaround time [1][2][3]. In this context, the term refers to service-based arrangements, often formalized in contracts or service provision agreements, that define the scope of translation work, responsibilities, and quality requirements between clients and translators or language service providers [2][3]. Translation services typically encompass the management of translation projects, the selection and coordination of human and/or technological resources, and the provision of translated texts that meet predefined linguistic, terminological, and functional standards [1][2][3]. Conceptually, “translation services” designates the institutional and contractual framework within which translation work is commissioned, produced, and delivered, distinguishing it from translation as an individual cognitive or textual activity carried out without a service relationship [2][3].
  • 7
  • 11 Sep 2026
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