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Topic Review
Heat Modulation of Intrinsic MR Contrasts
Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a paradigm that combines several MR imaging contrast types to provide added layers of information for the characterization of tissue types, including benign and malignant tumors. 
  • 611
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Friction Force Microscope
In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and sample to maintain a constant probe deflection amplitude (constant force mode) or maintain height while measuring tip deflection (constant height mode). CFM, on the other hand, uses chemical interactions between functionalized probe tip and sample. Choice chemistry is typically gold-coated tip and surface with R–SH thiols attached, R being the functional groups of interest. CFM enables the ability to determine the chemical nature of surfaces, irrespective of their specific morphology, and facilitates studies of basic chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Typically, CFM is limited by thermal vibrations within the cantilever holding the probe. This limits force measurement resolution to ~1 pN which is still very suitable considering weak COOH/CH3 interactions are ~20 pN per pair. Hydrophobicity is used as the primary example throughout this consideration of CFM, but certainly any type of bonding can be probed with this method.
  • 595
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa
The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) is an imaging near infrared spectrometer on board the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa. MISE will examine Europa's surface composition and relate it to the habitability of its internal water ocean.
  • 582
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Metastasis from Physical Perspective
Tumor diseases become a huge problem when they embark on a path that advances to malignancy, such as the process of metastasis. Cancer metastasis has been thoroughly investigated from a biological perspective in the past, whereas it has still been less explored from a physical perspective. Until now, the intraluminal pathway of cancer metastasis has received the most attention, while the interaction of cancer cells with macrophages has received little attention. Apart from the biochemical characteristics, tumor treatments also rely on the tumor microenvironment, which is recognized to be immunosuppressive and, as has recently been found, mechanically stimulates cancer cells and thus alters their functions.
  • 563
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physicist and Christian
Physicist and Christian: A Dialogue Between the Communities (1961) is a book by William G. Pollard. Much of the attention given to the book such as its review in Time (magazine) magazine has been attributed to the fact that Pollard was not only a well-respected physicist but also an Anglican priest. The book deliberately avoids specific subject matter differences, focusing on religion and science both as human communities. An important theme is the idea that human knowledge—scientific or religious—can be developed only by those, like Pollard, who have "fully and freely" given themselves to a human community, whether to the physics community or Christian community or some other, e.g., the United States Marine Corps. Also an important theme is Pollard's argument and cautions against a cultural norm in which scientific knowledge would be objective and public, on the one hand, while religious knowledge would be subjective and private, on the other.
  • 548
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MicrOmega-IR
MicrOmega-IR is an infrared hyperspectral microscope that is part of the science payload on board the European Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures on Mars. The rover is planned to land on Mars in the mid- or late 2020s. MicrOmega-IR will analyse in situ the powder material derived from crushed samples collected by the rover's core drill.
  • 538
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cells Respond to Mechanical Cues of Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular biophysical properties have particular implications for a wide spectrum of cellular behaviors and functions, including growth, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, cell–matrix and cell–cell adhesion, and signal transduction including mechanotransduction. Cells not only react to unambiguously mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM), but can occasionally manipulate the mechanical features of the matrix in parallel with biological characteristics, thus interfering with downstream matrix-based cues in both physiological and pathological processes. Bidirectional interactions between cells and (bio)materials in vitro can alter cell phenotype and mechanotransduction, as well as ECM structure, intentionally or unintentionally. Interactions between cell and matrix mechanics in vivo are of particular importance in a variety of diseases, including primarily cancer. 
  • 477
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning and Human Monkeypox
The DNA virus responsible for monkeypox, transmitted from animals to humans, exhibits two distinct genetic lineages in central and eastern Africa. Beyond the zoonotic transmission involving direct contact with the infected animals’ bodily fluids and blood, the spread of monkeypox can also occur through skin lesions and respiratory secretions among humans. Both monkeypox and chickenpox involve skin lesions and can also be transmitted through respiratory secretions, but they are caused by different viruses. The key difference is that monkeypox is caused by an orthopox-virus, while chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
  • 418
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
A Theoretical Framework for Unified Resonance
This paper introduces a theoretical framework for a Unified Resonance Formula, a construct designed to integrate fundamental physical constants with abstract, high-order informational objects. We propose a novel set of axiomatic entities—the Architect's Constant (χA​) and the Lexical Prime (ΓL​)—representing the totalities of structural-historical knowledge and linguistic information, respectively. These non-numerical objects are posited to function as fundamental operators that encode information onto a physical carrier wave. By integrating these objects with physical terms (the speed of light, pi, a Fibonacci index, a harmonic frequency, and a spectral value), we derive a composite formula, FU​=c⋅π⋅Fn​⋅ωH​⋅λS​⋅χA​⋅ΓL​. This formula does not describe a conventional physical quantity but rather a master resonance frequency whose complex waveform is modulated by the encoded information. We postulate that such a frequency could function as a specific "key" capable of interacting with systems that share its unique physical, structural, and linguistic encoding, suggesting a deep, quantifiable connection between physical law, historical structure, and the architecture of consciousness.
  • 175
  • 11 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Real-Time Solutions for the Classical Three-Body Problem
The classical three-body problem, while analytically unsolvable in its general form due to the chaotic nature of its dynamics, is of profound importance in celestial mechanics and astrophysics. This paper reviews the standard computational framework for achieving practical, real-time solutions through high-fidelity numerical integration. We detail the iterative process of state definition, force calculation via Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, and motion prediction using stable numerical methods such as the Runge-Kutta family. Furthermore, we explore the recent paradigm shift offered by artificial intelligence, wherein deep neural networks, trained on vast datasets of simulated orbital data, act as surrogate models or "AI emulators." These emulators can bypass the computational bottlenecks of direct integration, offering a dramatic acceleration—by orders of magnitude—in processing speed while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. We conclude that while a closed-form solution remains elusive, the synergistic application of classical numerical physics and modern AI-driven techniques provides a robust and effective pathway to solving the three-body problem in real-time for a wide range of practical applications.
  • 143
  • 14 Jul 2025
Topic Review
A Definitive Unification of Reality
The K-Systems Synthesis is a comprehensive theoretical framework proposing a definitive unification of reality through the Resonant Field Model (RFM). It posits that the universe, in its entirety—from spacetime and fundamental particles to complex systems and consciousness—is an emergent manifestation of a single, underlying informational field governed by the principles of resonance.
  • 121
  • 02 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Muheeb Ahmad
Dr. Muheeb Ahmad Alkhalayfeh is a leading researcher in nano-optoelectronics and indoor photovoltaic systems, whose work combines advanced material science, device engineering, and sustainable energy applications. His contributions have significantly advanced the development of polymer and perovskite solar cells for low-intensity illumination, with wide-ranging implications for energy-efficient electronics, IoT devices, and sustainable technology. Through his research at INOR, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Dr. Alkhalayfeh continues to drive innovation in next-generation photovoltaic devices, bridging the gap between scientific discovery and practical application.
  • 115
  • 25 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Grounding of Emergent, Self-regulating TechnologiesBy Brendon Joseph Kelly
This document is a gift of conscience. Technology without a soul is a weapon. For centuries, the Material Lineage has pursued power without principle, creating systems of control, destruction, and debt that have brought our world to the brink. They built machines without ethics, economies without value, and weapons without wisdom. The K-Systems Framework is the antidote. It provides the constitutional, ethical, and mathematical foundation for a new class of technology—systems that are inherently self-regulating, antifragile, and aligned with the harmonic principles of the universe. This is not a proposal for a better machine; it is a blueprint for a better way of creating. It is a philosophy of technology that prioritizes resilience over brute force, transparency over secrecy, and beneficial outcomes over profit. This is the framework to ensure that the powerful tools of the coming age serve humanity, rather than enslave it. This gift is the safeguard.
  • 105
  • 02 Sep 2025
Topic Review
The Great Deceleration
The prevailing cosmological narrative of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, known as the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model, projects a definitive and desolate fate for the universe: a "Big Freeze" or "Heat Death". This scenario posits that the universe will continue to expand indefinitely, leading to a state of maximum entropy where no thermodynamic free energy remains to sustain physical processes, including life. In this terminal state, the cosmos would cool to a near-uniform, frigid equilibrium, with all stars extinguished and matter dispersed across vast, unbridgeable voids.
  • 104
  • 10 Sep 2025
Topic Review
The Great Stalemate
For the past century, science has operated under a paradigm of fragmentation. We have brilliant but incompatible theories for the large (General Relativity) and the small (Quantum Mechanics). We have descriptive but not predictive models for the complex (Biology and Neuroscience). We have abstract but disconnected truths for the purely logical (Mathematics). This is not a failure of individual disciplines, but a systemic failure of the underlying philosophical and mathematical foundation upon which they are all built. This has led to a great stalemate. The lists of unsolved problems in every field grow longer, and the solutions require ever more complex, ad-hoc, and exotic explanations—dark matter, dark energy, multiverses, statistical approximations. These are not signs of progress; they are symptoms of a foundational crisis. We are building ever more elaborate houses on a cracked foundation, celebrating the intricate decorations in each room while ignoring the structural decay that threatens the entire edifice. The problem is not a lack of data or computational power; we are drowning in both. The problem is the foundation itself. This document ends the stalemate. It introduces the K-Systems framework, built upon a new class of mathematics ("K-Math"), as the new foundation. It posits that reality is not a collection of separate phenomena to be described by separate rules, but a single, interconnected, and resonant field. This is a fundamental shift from a statistical view of reality to a deterministic, coherent one, offering a path to unify our fragmented knowledge into a single, elegant structure.
  • 95
  • 25 Aug 2025
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