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Topic Review
Induction of Immune Tolerance in Islet Transplantation
Allogeneic islet transplantation has become an effective treatment option for severe Type 1 diabetes with intractable impaired awareness due to hypoglycemic events. Although current immunosuppressive protocols effectively prevent the acute rejection associated with initial T cell activation in recipients, chronic rejection has remained an obstacle for achieving long-term allogeneic islet engraftment. 
  • 624
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
miRNAs’ Cross-Involvement in Skin Allergies
Skin inflammation is a common underlying feature of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria. miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of atopic dermatitis and can reveal an atopic predisposition or indicate disease severity. In chronic spontaneous urticaria, different miRNAs which are over-expressed during urticaria exacerbations not only play a role in the possible response to therapy or remission, but also serve as a marker of chronic autoimmune urticaria and indicate associations with other autoimmune diseases. In allergic contact dermatitis, miRNAs are upregulated in inflammatory lesions and expressed during the sensitization phase of allergic response. Several miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers of these chronic skin conditions, but they are also possible therapeutic targets.
  • 620
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 617
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake in Lung Disease Children
The nutritional and respiratory statuses of critically ill patients are interrelated in such a way that they are interdependent while maintaining a balance. Malnutrition is common in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients and is frequently associated with respiratory failure.
  • 617
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Innate Immune Cells in Primary Sjogren Syndrome
Primary Sjogren Syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, characterized by xerophthalmia end xerostomia, and caused by a chronic inflammation of lacrimal and salivary glands. The interplay between innate immune cells and the inflammation prone microenvironment in Primary Sjogren Syndrome (pSS). pSS is a multifactorial rheumatic disease: environmental stimuli, in genetic susceptible subjects, may trigger Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) to express ligands, receptors and cytokines, such as IL-22, that act in a paracrine and autocrine way when determining the activation of several innate immune cells like NKs, ILC3s, DCs and macrophages. 
  • 615
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Association of Bacterial Infections and Cancer
Several critical associations were found between bacterial infections and cancer, of which some are causative: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are associated with periodontal disease, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and Shigella are associated with gastroenteritis. Helicobacter pylori infection is implicated in the etiology of gastric cancer, and persistent Chlamydia infections present a risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma, especially in patients with the human papillomavirus (HPV) coinfection. Salmonella typhi infections are linked with gallbladder cancer, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is implicated in lung cancer, etc.
  • 615
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Clinical manifestations of Fruit Allergy
Fruit allergies manifest with a diverse array of clinical presentations, ranging from localized contact allergies and oral allergy syndrome to the potential for severe systemic reactions including anaphylaxis. The scope of population-level prevalence studies remains limited, largely derived from single-center or hospital-based investigations.
  • 615
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure
Oxidative stress (OS) is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in cardiovascular and other disease states, damage DNA, lipids, proteins, other cellular and extra-cellular components. OS is both initiated by, and triggers inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, matrix remodeling, myocardial fibrosis, and neurohumoral activation. These have been linked to the development of heart failure (HF).
  • 615
  • 26 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Pathology in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a microangiopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of blindness among adult population. 
  • 613
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Managing Food Allergy
There are conventional and newly proposed food allergy management. Conventional food allergy (FA) management focuses on patients who are clinically suspected or confirmed with food allergy. Detailed clinical history is the central part of this management approach with ‘exposure-to-symptoms’ providing the primary information on the potential allergens.
  • 611
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Potential of Exosomes in Allergy Immunotherapy
Allergic diseases represent a global health and economic burden of increasing significance. The lack of disease-modifying therapies besides specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which is not available for all types of allergies, necessitates the study of novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are small endosome-derived vesicles delivering cargo between cells and thus allowing inter-cellular communication. Since immune cells make use of exosomes to boost, deviate, or suppress immune responses, exosomes are intriguing candidates for immunotherapy. 
  • 605
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Guided Radiotherapy for HNSCC
Radiotherapy is an integral component of head/neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) treatment, and technological developments including advances in image-guided radiotherapy over the past decades have offered improvements in the technical treatment of these cancers. Integration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into image guidance through the development of MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) offers further potential for refinement of the techniques by which HNSCCs are treated.
  • 604
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Physician-Led Thoracic Trauma Management
Falls cause 75% of trauma in patients above 65 years of age, and thoracic trauma is the second commonest injury; rib fractures are the most common thoracic injury. These patients have up to 12% mortality, with 31% developing pneumonias. There is wide variation in care.
  • 600
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Macrophage Polarity and Cancer
Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages, which are altered by various factors such as microorganisms, tissue microenvironment, and cytokine signals. Macrophage polarity is very important for infections, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies; its management can be key in the prevention and treatment of diseases. 
  • 598
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cells, Angiogenesis, and Lymphangiogenesis
The inflammation seen in the lungs of COPD patients involves both innate (macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells (NK cells), γδ T cells, ILCs, and dendritic cells (DCs)) and adaptive immunity (B and T lymphocytes). There is also evidence that structural cells, including BECs and alveolar epithelial cells, ECs, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts, can contribute to inflammatory mechanisms and angiogenesis in COPD.
  • 594
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Complications after Resection of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Esophagectomy is the most effective treatment for patients without invasion of adjacent organs or distant metastasis. Complications and relevant problems may occur in the early post-operative course or in a delayed fashion. Endoscopic treatment plays a major role in both immediate and delayed aftercare. Essential therapeutic measures have been established in the past. A continuous development of these achievements in the field of endoscopy can be expected. 
  • 593
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs in Macrophage Polarization
Allergy is a type 2 immune reaction triggered by antigens known as allergens, including food and environmental substances such as peanuts, plant pollen, fungal spores, and the feces and debris of mites and insects. Macrophages are myeloid immune cells with phagocytic abilities that process exogenous and endogenous antigens. Upon activation, they can produce effector molecules such as cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory molecules. The dysregulation of macrophage function can lead to excessive type 1 inflammation as well as type 2 inflammation, which includes allergic reactions. Thus, it is important to better understand how macrophages are regulated in the pathogenesis of allergies. Emerging evidence highlights the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in macrophage polarization, which in turn can modify the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated diseases, including allergies.
  • 573
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Renal Programming Related to Nitric Oxide (NO) Pathway
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key mediator of renal physiology and blood pressure regulation. NO deficiency is a common mechanism underlying renal programming, while early-life NO-targeting interventions may serve as reprogramming strategies to prevent the development of hypertension and kidney disease. 
  • 558
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Long-COVID
The rapid mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is now a major concern with no effective drugs and treatments. The severity of the disease is linked to the induction of cytokine storm that promotes extensive inflammation in the lung, leading to many acute lung injuries, pulmonary edema, and eventually death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might prove to be a treatment option as it has immunomodulation and regenerative properties. Clinical trials utilizing MSCs in treating acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has provided a basis in treating post-COVID-19 patients.
  • 552
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Management
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevailing cancer in women worldwide. Amongst the different BC subtypes, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumours are characterised by an overexpression of the HER2 membrane receptor. Nowadays, HER2-status assessment relies on immunohistochemical methodologies in the tumour tissue, which could be complemented by novel methodologies to improve the clinical management of these patients. In this regard, liquid biopsy is an easy, rapid, and minimally invasive tool to obtain circulating tumour components from body fluids.
  • 549
  • 18 Feb 2022
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