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Topic Review
Strategies of Immune Suppression
Most immunosuppressive medications have been incriminated in renal, cardiovascular, and neurological complications, relapse of viral hepatitis, and recurrence of HCC and other cancers. Efforts to minimize immunosuppression are directed toward decreasing medication side effects, increasing cost effectiveness, and decreasing economic burden without increasing the risk of rejection. 
  • 654
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cells, Angiogenesis, and Lymphangiogenesis
The inflammation seen in the lungs of COPD patients involves both innate (macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells (NK cells), γδ T cells, ILCs, and dendritic cells (DCs)) and adaptive immunity (B and T lymphocytes). There is also evidence that structural cells, including BECs and alveolar epithelial cells, ECs, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts, can contribute to inflammatory mechanisms and angiogenesis in COPD.
  • 653
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Clinical manifestations of Fruit Allergy
Fruit allergies manifest with a diverse array of clinical presentations, ranging from localized contact allergies and oral allergy syndrome to the potential for severe systemic reactions including anaphylaxis. The scope of population-level prevalence studies remains limited, largely derived from single-center or hospital-based investigations.
  • 652
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 649
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Disorders Associated with Mast Cell Activation and Nomenclature
Mast cells (MCs), as multifunctional immune cells, orchestrate the typical allergic conditions wherein the activation of these cells by allergens, including pollen, food, medication, and the venom of stinging insects, leads to the degranulation and elaboration of the inflammatory mediators responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response. Anaphylaxis, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and mastocytosis are interrelated yet distinct conditions within the spectrum of mast cell activation disorders.
  • 637
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
miRNAs’ Cross-Involvement in Skin Allergies
Skin inflammation is a common underlying feature of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria. miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of atopic dermatitis and can reveal an atopic predisposition or indicate disease severity. In chronic spontaneous urticaria, different miRNAs which are over-expressed during urticaria exacerbations not only play a role in the possible response to therapy or remission, but also serve as a marker of chronic autoimmune urticaria and indicate associations with other autoimmune diseases. In allergic contact dermatitis, miRNAs are upregulated in inflammatory lesions and expressed during the sensitization phase of allergic response. Several miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers of these chronic skin conditions, but they are also possible therapeutic targets.
  • 631
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Induction of Immune Tolerance in Islet Transplantation
Allogeneic islet transplantation has become an effective treatment option for severe Type 1 diabetes with intractable impaired awareness due to hypoglycemic events. Although current immunosuppressive protocols effectively prevent the acute rejection associated with initial T cell activation in recipients, chronic rejection has remained an obstacle for achieving long-term allogeneic islet engraftment. 
  • 630
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immune Cells in Primary Sjogren Syndrome
Primary Sjogren Syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, characterized by xerophthalmia end xerostomia, and caused by a chronic inflammation of lacrimal and salivary glands. The interplay between innate immune cells and the inflammation prone microenvironment in Primary Sjogren Syndrome (pSS). pSS is a multifactorial rheumatic disease: environmental stimuli, in genetic susceptible subjects, may trigger Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) to express ligands, receptors and cytokines, such as IL-22, that act in a paracrine and autocrine way when determining the activation of several innate immune cells like NKs, ILC3s, DCs and macrophages. 
  • 627
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake in Lung Disease Children
The nutritional and respiratory statuses of critically ill patients are interrelated in such a way that they are interdependent while maintaining a balance. Malnutrition is common in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients and is frequently associated with respiratory failure.
  • 624
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pathology in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a microangiopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of blindness among adult population. 
  • 617
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Managing Food Allergy
There are conventional and newly proposed food allergy management. Conventional food allergy (FA) management focuses on patients who are clinically suspected or confirmed with food allergy. Detailed clinical history is the central part of this management approach with ‘exposure-to-symptoms’ providing the primary information on the potential allergens.
  • 614
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physician-Led Thoracic Trauma Management
Falls cause 75% of trauma in patients above 65 years of age, and thoracic trauma is the second commonest injury; rib fractures are the most common thoracic injury. These patients have up to 12% mortality, with 31% developing pneumonias. There is wide variation in care.
  • 611
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs in Macrophage Polarization
Allergy is a type 2 immune reaction triggered by antigens known as allergens, including food and environmental substances such as peanuts, plant pollen, fungal spores, and the feces and debris of mites and insects. Macrophages are myeloid immune cells with phagocytic abilities that process exogenous and endogenous antigens. Upon activation, they can produce effector molecules such as cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory molecules. The dysregulation of macrophage function can lead to excessive type 1 inflammation as well as type 2 inflammation, which includes allergic reactions. Thus, it is important to better understand how macrophages are regulated in the pathogenesis of allergies. Emerging evidence highlights the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in macrophage polarization, which in turn can modify the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated diseases, including allergies.
  • 610
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Potential of Exosomes in Allergy Immunotherapy
Allergic diseases represent a global health and economic burden of increasing significance. The lack of disease-modifying therapies besides specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which is not available for all types of allergies, necessitates the study of novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are small endosome-derived vesicles delivering cargo between cells and thus allowing inter-cellular communication. Since immune cells make use of exosomes to boost, deviate, or suppress immune responses, exosomes are intriguing candidates for immunotherapy. 
  • 608
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Guided Radiotherapy for HNSCC
Radiotherapy is an integral component of head/neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) treatment, and technological developments including advances in image-guided radiotherapy over the past decades have offered improvements in the technical treatment of these cancers. Integration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into image guidance through the development of MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) offers further potential for refinement of the techniques by which HNSCCs are treated.
  • 608
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Macrophage Polarity and Cancer
Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages, which are altered by various factors such as microorganisms, tissue microenvironment, and cytokine signals. Macrophage polarity is very important for infections, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies; its management can be key in the prevention and treatment of diseases. 
  • 601
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Complications after Resection of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Esophagectomy is the most effective treatment for patients without invasion of adjacent organs or distant metastasis. Complications and relevant problems may occur in the early post-operative course or in a delayed fashion. Endoscopic treatment plays a major role in both immediate and delayed aftercare. Essential therapeutic measures have been established in the past. A continuous development of these achievements in the field of endoscopy can be expected. 
  • 594
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 575
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Exposure on Epigenetic Modifications in Allergic Diseases
Allergic diseases are one of the most common chronic conditions and their prevalence is on the rise. Environmental exposure, primarily prenatal and early life influences, affect the risk for the development and specific phenotypes of allergic diseases via epigenetic mechanisms. Exposure to pollutants, microorganisms and parasites, tobacco smoke and certain aspects of diet are known to drive epigenetic changes that are essential for immune regulation (e.g., the shift toward T helper 2-Th2 cell polarization and decrease in regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation).
  • 564
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunomodulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Long-COVID
The rapid mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is now a major concern with no effective drugs and treatments. The severity of the disease is linked to the induction of cytokine storm that promotes extensive inflammation in the lung, leading to many acute lung injuries, pulmonary edema, and eventually death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might prove to be a treatment option as it has immunomodulation and regenerative properties. Clinical trials utilizing MSCs in treating acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has provided a basis in treating post-COVID-19 patients.
  • 561
  • 30 Nov 2021
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