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Topic Review
Dedifferentiated Endometrial Carcinoma
In a neoplasm, dedifferentiation is characterised by the presence of a high-grade neoplasm which can occur de novo, be juxtaposed to, or arise as a recurrence of a previously well-differentiated tumour. Usually, this occurrence results in mesenchymal neoplasms. In epithelial malignant neoplasms, dedifferentiation has been observed in salivary gland carcinomas including adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. In addition, dedifferentiated carcinomas have been reported in the pancreas and in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. In the female genital tract, dedifferentiated carcinoma have been described in the endometrium and ovary. Histologically, this entity is characterised by both low-grade endometrioid carcinoma and a solid undifferentiated component.
  • 448
  • 26 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Cervical and Endometrial Cancer
Gynecological cancers pose a significant burden on women’s health worldwide, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy, harnessing the body’s immune system to combat cancer. 
  • 446
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy and the most common cause of gynecologic cancer death in the United States. The treatment and prognosis of ovarian cancer depend on the specific tumor histopathologic type. Among all types of ovarian cancers, epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC)s comprise the majority (about 95%); the remainders are malignant germ cell and sex cord-stromal cell tumors. The subtypes of EOCs include high-grade serous, low-grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous ovarian cancers, in which serous cancer is the most common subtype (75%). The majority of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancers experience relapse and require additional treatment after initial therapy, including an optimal cytoreductive debulking surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy.
  • 434
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
GLP-1 and DPP-4  Applied Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder defined as carbohydrate intolerance that manifests during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. To prevent them, it is important to keep glucose levels under control. As much as 15–30% of GDM patients will require treatment with insulin, metformin, or glyburide. With that in mind, it is crucial to keep searching for novel and improved pharmacotherapies. Nowadays, there are ongoing studies investigating the use of other groups of drugs that have proven successful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor are among the drugs targeting the incretin system and are currently receiving significant attention. GLP-1 is a peptide that is produced through the proteolysis of proglucagon, a protein expressed in L cells in the intestinal mucosa, α cells of the pancreas, as well as in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. GLP-1 has access to a specific GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that is expressed in a wide range of target tissues. It is secreted mainly after the ingestion of glucose, lipids, or mixed meals, and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at physiological plasma concentrations, which meets all the criteria for an incretin hormone.
  • 418
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Obstructed Hemivagina and Ipsilateral Renal Anomalies (OHVIRA) Syndrome
Vulvovaginitis is a common problem observed in girls within the pediatric and adolescent age groups. Depending on the causes, there are infectious and non-infectious cases of vulvovaginitis observed in adolescent girls. Although the frequency of non-infectious vulvovaginitis is less common than that of the infectious group, the causes of non-infectious vulvovaginitis are also considered important. We present a rare case of a 16-year-old adolescent girl diagnosed with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomalies (OHVIRA) syndrome due to persistent symptoms of recurrent vulvovaginitis over the course of one year. Müllerian anomalies should be considered in cases of recurrent vulvovaginitis in adolescent girls that are unresponsive to conventional treatment. A delayed diagnosis of OHVIRA syndrome can lead to various complications that could impact the quality of life and fertility.
  • 12
  • 27 Nov 2025
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