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Topic Review
Methodology: Video Data Analysis
Video Data Analysis (VDA) is a curated multi-disciplinary collection of tools, techniques, and quality criteria intended for analyzing the content of visuals to study driving dynamics of social behavior and events in real-life settings. It often uses visual data in combination with other data types. VDA is employed across the social sciences in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, criminology, business research, and education research.
  • 409
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Poverty
Poverty is a socio-economic condition characterized by the lack of essential resources and opportunities needed to maintain a basic standard of living. Individuals or communities experiencing poverty often face challenges in accessing necessities such as adequate nutrition, shelter, education, and healthcare, perpetuating a cycle of deprivation and limited social mobility. The measurement and understanding of poverty encompass various indicators, including income levels, employment opportunities, and overall well-being, and addressing poverty typically involves multidimensional interventions aimed at improving economic and social conditions.
  • 408
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Hikikomori Phenomenon
The Hikikomori phenomenon can be classified with the classification of “social pathology”: the Hikikomori phenomenon, and its spread in society, appear to be a real danger to the sustainability and resilience of the very society in which it occurs. This is because the social isolation of an individual, especially if young and non-independent, impacts the community of reference in human, economic and psychological terms.
  • 407
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sexism
Sexism is a systemic form of discrimination based on an individual's gender, typically directed against women and girls. It involves the reinforcement of stereotypes, unequal treatment, and the marginalization of individuals based on their gender, perpetuating a social hierarchy that disadvantages women in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and societal roles.
  • 405
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Personal Independence Payment
Personal Independence Payment (abbreviated to PIP and usually pronounced as one word) is a welfare benefit in the United Kingdom that is intended to help adults with the extra costs of living with a long-term health condition or a disability. It is non-means-tested, non-contributory and tax-free; it is not linked to a person's ability to work and it is available equally to people in or out of work. It is not intended to be a substitute for a person's earnings, unlike Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) or ESA's predecessor, Incapacity Benefit. Eligibility for PIP is based upon the practical effects of a condition on a person's life, rather than the condition itself. It is not currently available to children who still claim Disability Living Allowance and are invited to claim PIP from their 16th birthday; it can be claimed by adults under the State Pension age, and people already on the benefit will continue to receive it after they retire. PIP and the benefit it replaces are predominantly received by older people, because increasing age is the main risk factor for developing disabling diseases.
  • 398
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
E-Learning as a Development Tool
In the modern world, there is a need to organize learning quickly and effectively. Due to the current economic climate, competition in the educational market, and demographic decline, there is an increasing interest in e-learning at all levels of education but especially in higher education. E-education provides the opportunity to attract students from abroad, those with disabilities, and those who cannot give up their professional work but want or should continue their education. This way of acquiring knowledge is of interest to various people who want to complete their higher education or gain a new profession. 
  • 397
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Importance of Accurate Information about Migration
Misinformation, which can include fake news, rumors, and the misinterpretation of facts, can be disseminated by known brands, by fake news sites, and by the means of manipulated or parody content. Misinformation is often connected with tweaking or twisting information instead of fabricating it entirely, often recurring to the misinterpretation of facts or scientific evidence. The ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding the situation described, but also a lack of or the excessive availability of data or controversies in the interpretation of existing information, are all contributing factors towards misinformation. Misinformation has become pervasive in the context of migration. Accurate information regarding migration is crucial. Verified facts, reliable sources, and precise data play an essential role in countering misinformation. Misinformation, which can include fake news, rumors, and the misinterpretation of facts, can be disseminated by known brands, by fake news sites, and by the means of manipulated or parody content. Misinformation is often connected with tweaking or twisting information instead of fabricating it entirely, often recurring to the misinterpretation of facts or scientific evidence. The ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding the situation described, but also a lack of or the excessive availability of data or controversies in the interpretation of existing information, are all contributing factors towards misinformation. Misinformation has become pervasive in the context of migration. Addressing this issue is especially vital in the realm of migration, where accurate information is paramount.
  • 386
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Faluche
A faluche is a traditional cap worn by students in France. It is a black velvet beret, decorated with colored ribbons and badges. Several student groups wear the faluche, especially bitards, basochards, and faluchards. Previously, the faluche was associated almost exclusively with faluchards, although other folklore exists concerning the faluche.
  • 373
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Flour Rise in Italian Lockdown and Consumption
The lockdown imposed on Italian citizens in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed for unprecedented scenarios regarding consumption activities. While it may be predictable that there was an increase in purchasing through digital channels—even of basic consumer goods—some product categories are of particular interest considering the general situation: the unprecedented context of forced domestic confinement and the psychological state of the population confronted with a situation that was as unexpected as it was new and disarming.
  • 373
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Incapacity Benefit
Incapacity Benefit was a British social security benefit that was paid to people facing extra barriers to work because of their long-term illness or their disability. It replaced Invalidity Benefit in 1995. The government began to phase out Incapacity Benefit in 2008 by making it unavailable to new claimants, and later moved almost all the remaining long-term recipients onto Employment and Support Allowance.
  • 365
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Power (Social)
Power, in a social context, refers to the ability of an individual, group, or institution to influence or control the behavior, decisions, and actions of others. It often manifests in various forms, including political, economic, and social power, and is a dynamic force that shapes relationships and structures within societies. The possession of power grants the capacity to enforce one's will, make decisions, and shape the course of events, playing a central role in the dynamics of governance, social interactions, and institutional structures.
  • 363
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Racism
Racism is a deeply ingrained social phenomenon characterized by the systemic discrimination, prejudice, and unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on their racial or ethnic background. It manifests in various forms, including institutional practices, interpersonal biases, and structural inequalities, perpetuating disparities in access to opportunities, resources, and social privileges among different racial or ethnic communities. Understanding and addressing racism necessitate a comprehensive examination of historical legacies, societal structures, and individual attitudes to promote equity and justice.
  • 359
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Facilitation (Business)
Facilitation in business, organizational development (OD) and consensus decision-making refers to the process of designing and running a meeting according to a previously agreed set of requirements. Facilitation concerns itself with all the tasks needed to reach a productive and impartial meeting outcome that reflects the agreed objectives and deliverables defined upfront by the meeting owner or client.
  • 358
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
How Chinese Young Adults Perceive E-Cigarettes
Medical discourse is an important evidence-directed outcome of scientific debates, but value-based voice cannot be ignored. This entry discusses Clients' perspectives on e-cigarette use and the meaning they give to the substance. Researchers find that users refer to e-cigarettes as a 'snack', suggesting that their frequency of use and addiction is manageable and can be stopped at any time. This is a cultural symbol that is very different from medical perceptions.
  • 357
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
OpenSocial
OpenSocial is a public specification that defines a component hosting environment (container) and a set of common application programming interfaces (APIs) for web applications. Initially, it was designed for social network applications and developed by Google along with MySpace and a number of other social networks. Recently, it has been adopted as a general use runtime environment for allowing untrusted and partially trusted components from third parties to run in an existing web application. The OpenSocial Foundation moved to integrate or support numerous other Open Web technologies. This includes OAuth and OAuth 2.0, Activity Streams, and Portable Contacts, among others. It was released on November 1, 2007. Applications implementing the OpenSocial APIs are interoperable with any social network system that supports them. At launch, OpenSocial took a one-size-fits-all approach to development. As it became more robust and the user-base expanded, OpenSocial modularized the platform to allow developers to only include the parts of the platform it needed. On December 16, 2014 the W3C issued a press release, "OpenSocial Foundation Moving Standards Work to W3C Social Web Activity", stating that OpenSocial would no longer exist as a separate entity, and encouraging the OpenSocial community to continue development work through the W3C Social Web Activity in the Social Web Working Group and Social Interest Group. The OpenSocial Foundation stated that "the community will have a better chance of realizing an open social web through discussions at a single organization, and the OpenSocial Foundation board believes that working as an integrated part of W3C will help reach more communities that will benefit from open social standards." On January 1, 2015, opensocial.org began redirecting all page requests to https://www.w3.org/blog/2014/12/opensocial-foundation-moves-standards-work-to-w3c-social-web-activity/.
  • 355
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Equality
Social equality refers to the state of affairs in which individuals or groups in a society enjoy equal rights, opportunities, and status, regardless of their various backgrounds, such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, religion, or other distinguishing characteristics. The concept is rooted in the idea that all members of a society should have the same fundamental rights, and they should be treated with fairness and impartiality.
  • 339
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Benefit Fraud in the United Kingdom
Benefit fraud is a form of welfare fraud as found within the system of government benefits paid to individuals by the welfare state in the United Kingdom.
  • 336
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Children of Armenia Fund
Children of Armenia Fund (COAF) The Children of Armenia Fund (COAF) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that employs community-led approaches aimed at improving the quality of life in rural Armenia, with a particular focus on children and youth. COAF’s target development areas are education, healthcare, social and economic development. COAF launched its programs in 2004, starting in one village and expanding to 44 villages in Armavir, Aragatsotn, Lori, Gegharkunik, Shirak and Tavush regions, impacting over 75,000 people.
  • 335
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Trade Adjustment Assistance
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is a federal program of the United States government to act as a way to reduce the damaging impact of imports felt by certain sectors of the U.S. economy. The current structure features four components of Trade Adjustment Assistance: for workers, firms, farmers, and communities. Each cabinet-level department was tasked with a different sector of the overall Trade Adjustment Assistance program. The program for workers is the largest, and administered by the U.S. Department of Labor. The program for farmers is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the firms and communities programs are administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
  • 324
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Personal Web Page
Personal web pages are world wide web pages created by an individual to contain content of a personal nature rather than content pertaining to a company, organization or institution. Personal web pages are primarily used for informative or entertainment purposes but can also be used for personal career marketing (by containing a list of the individual's skills, experience and a CV), social networking with other people with shared interests, or as a space for personal expression. These terms do not usually refer to just a single "page" or HTML file, but to a collection of webpages and related files under a common URL or Web address. In strictly technical terms, a site's actual home page (index page) often only contains sparse content with some catchy introductory material and serves mostly as a pointer or table of contents to the more content-rich pages inside, such as résumés, family, hobbies, family genealogy, a web log/diary ("blog"), opinions, online journals and diaries or other writing, examples of written work, digital audio sound clips, digital video clips, digital photos, or information about a user's other interests. Many personal pages only include information of interest to friends and family of the author. However, some webpages set up by hobbyists or enthusiasts of certain subject areas can be valuable topical web directories.
  • 319
  • 09 Nov 2022
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