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Topic Review
CO2 Conversion Processes and Products
Carbon-intensive industries must deem carbon capture, utilization, and storage initiatives to mitigate rising CO2 concentration by 2050. A 45% national reduction in CO2 emissions has been projected by government to realize net zero carbon in 2030. CO2 utilization is the prominent solution to curb not only CO2 but other greenhouse gases, such as methane, on a large scale. Thermocatalytic CO2 conversions into clean fuels and specialty chemicals through catalytic CO2 hydrogenation and CO2 reforming using green hydrogen and pure methane sources have been under scrutiny. However, these processes are still immature for industrial applications because of their thermodynamic and kinetic limitations caused by rapid catalyst deactivation due to fouling, sintering, and poisoning under harsh conditions. Therefore, a key research focus on thermocatalytic CO2 conversion is to develop high-performance and selective catalysts even at low temperatures while suppressing side reactions. Conventional catalysts suffer from a lack of precise structural control, which is detrimental toward selectivity, activity, and stability. Core-shell is a emerged nanomaterial that offers confinement effect to preserve multiple functionalities from sintering in CO2 conversions. Substantial progress has been achieved to implement core-shell in direct or indirect thermocatalytic CO2 reactions, such as methanation, methanol synthesis, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and dry reforming methane.
  • 453
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Activation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fungi
In the early 2000s, technological advances in genome sequencing and bioinformatics on filamentous fungi began to reveal a discrepancy between the number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding the biosynthesis of fungal secondary metabolites and the actual number of identified fungal compounds from the target strain. The discovery of cryptic BGCs in microorganisms, including fungi, has spurred the development of new experimental methodologies for identifying the secondary metabolites of these clusters, which led to the realization that they have the potential to produce novel specialized metabolites, giving rise to a new field of research called genome-guided natural product discovery.
  • 448
  • 01 Jun 2023
Biography
Professor Anuradha Mishra
Prof. Anuradha Mishra is currently a full professor in the department of Applied Chemistry, School of Vocational Studies & Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India. She has been the dean of the School of Vocational Studies & Applied Sciences for almost five years. She has also been the Dean Academics for three years and the Dean Planning & Research for more than two years
  • 441
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived 2,3-Butanediol and Its Application in Biofuels Production
2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) is an important biomass-derived platform chemical with various applications. The biological conversion of renewable carbon sources with bacteria or yeasts is a sustainable way to produce 2,3-BDO. Various carbon sources including glucose, glycerol, molasses and lignocellulose hydrolysate have been used for 2,3-BDO production, and the 2,3-BDO concentration in the fermentation broth can be higher than 150 g/L by optimizing the operating parameters with fed-batch operations. Various derivatives can be produced from 2,3-BDO, including isobutyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diacetyl, etc.; among these, there is a large market demand for MEK and 1,3-butadiene each year. Some of the derivatives can be used as fuel additives or to produce biofuels. Generally, there are three ways to produce hydrocarbon fuels from 2,3-BDO, which are via the steps of dehydration, carbon chain extension, and hydrogenation (or hydrodeoxygenation), with MEK or 1,3-butadiene as the intermediates. C8–C16 alkanes can be produced by these routes, which can be potentially used as bio-jet fuels.
  • 436
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Application of Graphene Oxide in Electrochemical Biomarker Detection
Graphene, a single layer (monolayer) of SP2 carbon atoms with a molecular bond length of 0.142 nm, is tightly bound in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. It is basically extracted from graphite and is merely a sheet of graphite.
  • 431
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of OER for Artificial Photosynthesis
Addressing the global environmental problem of water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel by solar energy is receiving so much attention. In water splitting, the essential problem to solve is the development of efficient catalysts for oxygen production. In the generation of hydrogen by water splitting, molecular oxygen should be evolved at the same time. However, it is not so easy to artificially achieve photosynthetic oxygen generation by developing novel systems in a short period of time, which took one billion years in the natural world. The oxidation of water to produce oxygen, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction (OER), involves transfers of four electrons and four protons, while the reduction of water to produce hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), is a reaction of two electrons and two protons.
  • 428
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cu-Based Catalysts in Nitrogen Oxides by CO
Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by CO (CO-SCR) to both N2 and CO2 is a promising way to simultaneously remove two harmful gases, CO and NOx, in automobile and factory exhaust gases. The development of efficient catalysts is the key challenge for the technology to be commercialized. The low-cost Cu-based catalysts have shown promising performance in CO-SCR, but there are some technical problems that obstruct their practical implementation, such as high reduction temperature and low O2, H2O, and SO2 resistance. An overview CO-SCR under O2-containing conditions over the Cu-based catalysts is discussed.
  • 427
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sterically Hindered Quaternary Phosphonium Salts (QPSs)
Structure–activity relationships are important for the design of biocides and sanitizers. The most commonly used biocides are nitrogen-containing compounds; the phosphorus-containing ones have been studied to a lesser extent. In the present study, a broad range of sterically hindered quaternary phosphonium salts (QPSs) based on tri-tert-butylphosphine was tested for their activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypseum). Additionally, the hemolytic and cytotoxic properties of QPSs were determined using blood and a normal liver cell line, respectively.
  • 425
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Carbonaceous Materials
Sustainable biomass production has a significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, providing an alternative to produce eco-friendly biofuels, biochemicals, and carbonaceous materials for biological, energetic, and environmental applications. 
  • 421
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Green Concrete with Glass Powder
In General, Glass Powder can be compelling and beneficial for both the concrete industry and the environment if implemented properly, which obviously still requires further studies to have the right understanding of this material.
  • 416
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Layered Double Hydroxides and Metal Nanoparticles
Artificially designed heterostructures formed by close conjunctions of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (PNPs) and non-plasmonic (2D) lamellar nanostructures are receiving extensive interest. The synergistic interactions of the nanounits induce the manifestation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic metals in the specific environment of the 2D-light absorbing matrix, impacting their potential in plasmon enhanced catalysis. Specifically, layered double hydroxides (LDH) with the advantages of their unique 2D-layered structure, tuned optical absorption, ease of preparation, composition diversity, and high surface area, have emerged as very promising candidates for obtaining versatile and robust catalysts. In this research, researchers cover the available PNPs/LDH heterostructures, from the most used noble-metals plasmonic of Au and Ag to the novel non-noblemetals plasmonic of Cu and Ni, mainly focusing on their synthesis strategies toward establishing a synergistic response in the coupled nanounits and relevant applications in plasmonic catalysis. 
  • 413
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Catalytic Materials Development for Fuel Cell Power Generators
Many research teams around the world persistently undertake attempts to create active and stable catalysts for the pre-reforming and steam reforming of diesel and kerosene fuels. The most active and stable catalysts for diesel fuel conversion are Rh- and other precious metal systems supported on oxide carriers containing mobile lattice oxygen, mainly zirconium and cerium oxides.
  • 411
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Oxidation Mechanism in the Oil-Based Food Products
In bulk oils, modifying the polarity of antioxidants by chemical methods (e.g., esterifying antioxidants with fatty alcohol or fatty acids) and combining antioxidants with surfactants with low hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value (e.g., lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate) can be effective strategies for inhibiting peroxidation. Lipid oxidation is an important economic concern in the food industry, primarily because it can influence the quality attributes and nutritional profile of oil-based products. Food manufacturers often have different options to use different methods and reduce the oxidation rate of oil-based food products.
  • 411
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Low-Temperature Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
The lithium–sulfur (Li-S) battery is considered to be one of the attractive candidates for breaking the limit of specific energy of lithium-ion batteries and has the potential to conquer the related energy storage market due to its advantages of low-cost, high-energy density, high theoretical specific energy, and environmental friendliness issues.
  • 409
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sn-Beta Catalyzed Transformations of Sugars
Beta zeolite modified with Sn in the framework (Sn-Beta) was synthesized and introduced as a heterogeneous catalyst for Baeyer–Villiger oxidations about twenty years ago. Since then, both syntheses strategies, characterization and understanding as well as applications with the material have developed significantly. Remarkably, Sn-Beta zeolite has been discovered to exhibit unprecedented high catalytic efficiency for the transformation of glucose to fructose (i.e., aldoses to ketoses) and lactic acid derivatives in both aqueous and alcoholic media.
  • 408
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nucleobase-Bearing Amino Acid Systems and Self-Assembly
Nucleobase-containing molecules are compounds essential in biology due to the fundamental role of nucleic acids and, in particular, G-quadruplex DNA and RNA in life. Moreover, some molecules different from nucleic acids isolated from different vegetal sources or microorganisms show nucleobase moieties in their structure. Nucleoamino acids and peptidyl nucleosides belong to this molecular class. Closely related to the above, nucleopeptides, also known as nucleobase-bearing peptides, are chimeric derivatives of synthetic origin and more rarely isolated from plants.
  • 407
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Semiconductor Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
Semiconductor-based photocatalytic reactions are a practical class of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to address energy scarcity and environmental pollution. By utilizing solar energy as a clean, abundant, and renewable source, this process offers numerous advantages, including high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and low cost.
  • 396
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Preliminary Activation of the Surface of Fibrous Materials
Pre-activation is often used to increase the adhesion of coatings to the surface of fibrous materials. This consists in various kinds of treatment soft the fibers, as a result of which their near-surface layer is transformed, new active oxygen-containing groups are formed, and the fiber becomes less smooth.
  • 392
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Characterization of Pyridazine Bioisosteres and Their Effects
Bioisosteres are substituents or groups (atoms, ions, or molecules) with similar chemical or physical properties, and which usually have similar biological properties. Pyridazine and its derivatives are invaluable scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, having a large variety of activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antituberculosis, antihypertensive, etc. Also, the pyridazine core is of high interest in agriculture, being used as a growth factor for plants, herbicides, etc.
  • 390
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Building Supercapacitors with Electrolytes and Carbon Electrodes
Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as “ultracapacitors”, are used in applications requiring rapid energy storage or high-power delivery. Carbon-based materials for supercapacitors derived from affordable coal deposits or crop waste with appropriate characteristics in terms of specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and charge/discharge stability. In addition, the substitution of organic liquids electrolytes with less dangerous solutions, such as aqueous electrolytes containing high concentrations of salt, is a valuable strategy for the design of green devices.
  • 381
  • 21 Jul 2023
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