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Topic Review
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Management
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common metabolic and hormonal disorder in reproduction-aged women. Its pathogenesis involves multiple organ systems and is tightly associated with a higher predisposition and prevalence of abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Profound weight loss effects in diabetic and non-diabetic patients gave birth to the idea that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) could be used in a subgroup of women with PCOS.
  • 978
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cartilage Conduction Hearing
Cartilage conduction (CC) is a form of conduction that allows a relatively loud sound to be audible when a transducer is placed on the aural cartilage. The CC transmission mechanism has gradually been elucidated, allowing for the development of CC hearing aids (CC-HAs), which are clinically available in Japan. However, CC is still not fully understood.
  • 974
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe vascular complication of connective tissue diseases (CTD). Patients with CTD may develop PH belonging to diverse groups: (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), (2) PH due to left heart disease, (3) secondary PH due to lung disease and/or hypoxia and (4) chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). PAH most often develops in systemic scleroderma (SSc), mostly in its limited variant. PAH-CTD is a progressive disease characterized by poor prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis should be established.
  • 973
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Damage in COVID-19
Muscle dystrophy in COVID-19 entails loss of muscle mass and muscle strength, as well as suboptimal physical performance same as in cachexia and sarcopenia, albeit the loss in COVID is exaggerated. It is most evident in hospitalized patients during the acute phase by myalgia/muscle pain and fatigue, and it is associated with poor prognosis. It manifests in remitting COVID-19 patients by poor physical performance, slowness, fatigue and dyspnea while performing activities of daily living.
  • 969
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Chatbots in Critical Care Nephrology
The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has allowed for its integration into multiple sectors, including, notably, healthcare. Chatbots have emerged as a pivotal resource for improving patient outcomes and assisting healthcare practitioners through various AI-based technologies. In critical care, kidney-related conditions play a significant role in determining patient outcomes.
  • 965
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Incident Hypertension
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents an early form of thyroid dysfunction and is biochemically defined as an elevated TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin) level with a normal level of free thyroxine (FT4) within the reference range. SCH can affect about 1–11% of adults depending on the cohort studied, and such wide variability in its incidence can be attributed to the environmental and ethnic differences as well as the different TSH reference ranges used in each country.
  • 963
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
WBC and HBOT in Depression
Treatment with antidepressants is often insufficiently effective, especially in treatment-resistant depression. In such a situation, it is possible to change the drug, add a second antidepressant, or use pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of augmenting the effect of pharmacotherapy. New methods that may fall into the scope of multi-module depression treatment as an augmentation of depression treatment are whole body cryotherapy (WBC) and hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). 545 records were selected and analyzed for these two treatments and finally three clinical trials were selected for analysis. 
  • 960
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Donor Lymphocyte Infusion and Graft-versus-Myeloma
Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) has the potential to significantly deepen the response after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in multiple myeloma (MM). Subsequently, DLI offers the opportunity for long-term progression-free and, most importantly, overall survival for patients with MM. DLI application is a complex procedure, whereby many factors need to be considered (e.g., patient-oriented factors prior to application, disease-specific factors, as well as possible combinations with further therapies during and after DLI). There are two settings in which DLI can be given, they are as follows: as a salvage option in progressive disease or in the prophylactic setting for MM patients with resolved disease to further deepen the response.
  • 958
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Svedberg Laboratory
The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) is a university facility, based in Uppsala, Sweden.The activities at TSL are based around the particle accelerator Gustaf Werner cyclotron. The main activity is proton therapy for the treatment of cancer, based on an agreement between the Oncology clinic at Uppsala University Hospital and Uppsala University.Beamtime not used for proton therapy is devoted to commercial neutron and proton irradiation projects, mainly for Radiation testing.There is also some time for basic (academic) research and in this case the experiments should be associated to Uppsala University or to EC projects. TSL is supported by the European Community and belong to the EC projects ERINDA, SkyFlash and CHANDA.
  • 954
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Behcet’s Disease
Behcet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by a range of manifestations, such as recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, arthritis, vasculitis, and skin lesions. The age of onset of BD is usually 30–40 years. 
  • 952
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells.
  • 951
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bone Biochemical Immune Parameters in Marrow Immune Microenvironment
The bone marrow (BM), the major hematopoietic organ in humans, consists of a pleiomorphic environment of cellular, extracellular, and bioactive compounds with continuous and complex interactions between them, leading to the formation of mature blood cells found in the peripheral circulation. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment regulates normal hematopoiesis and exerts variable activity in various inflammatory, toxic, autoimmune, or neoplastic diseases and conditions. It has a major role in the pathogenesis of BM failure syndromes and particularly of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
  • 950
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Primary Aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism, mainly caused by aldosterone producing adenomas or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia,  is the most common cause of endocrine hypertension. Information on the role of transcriptomics, epigenetics and metabolomics in the pathophysiology of this disease is summarized herein.
  • 947
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Diabetic Patients
Roughly 3% of patients worldwide with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) already have an overt nephropathy at diagnosis and about 20–30% of the remaining ones develop a complication of this kind later in life. The early identification of kidney disease in diabetic patients is important as it slows its progression, which is important not only because this reduces the need for renal replacement therapy, but also because it decreases the high rate of mortality and morbidity associated with a reduction in kidney function. 
  • 946
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Resistance to COVID-19 Virus Entry
Numerous efforts have been made to comprehend the pathogenic and host variables that contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility and pathogenesis. One of these endeavours is understanding the host genetic factors predisposing an individual to COVID-19. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have demonstrated the host predisposition factors in different populations. These factors are involved in the appropriate immune response, their imbalance influences susceptibility or resistance to viral infection.
  • 938
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biological Clock in Liver Cancer
The biological clock controls at the molecular level several aspects of mammalian physiology, by regulating daily oscillations of crucial biological processes such as nutrient metabolism in the liver. Disruption of the circadian clock circuitry has recently been identified as an independent risk factor for cancer and classified as a potential group 2A carcinogen to humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the prevailing histological type of primary liver cancer, one of the most important causes of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC onset and progression is related to B and C viral hepatitis, alcoholic and especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related milieu of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and chronic inflammation.
  • 936
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms and Nano-Treatments
The cellular mechanisms of drug resistance prevent the correct efficacy of the therapies used in various types of cancer and nanotechnology has been postulated as a possible alternative to avoid them. This entry focuses on describing the different mechanisms of drug resistance and dis-covering which nanotechnology-based therapies have been used in recent years to evade them in colon (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PAC). Here we summarize the use of different types of nanotechnology (mainly nanoparticles) that have shown efficacy in vitro and in vivo in preclinical phases, allowing future in-depth research in CRC and PAC and its translation to future clinical trials.
  • 934
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Clean Language
Clean Language is a technique primarily used in counseling, psychotherapy and coaching but now also used in education, business, organisational change and health. More recently it has been applied as a research interview technique. Clean Language intends to support clients discovering and developing their own symbols and metaphors, rather than the therapist/coach/interviewer suggesting-contributing their own framing of a topic. In other words, instead of "supporting" the client by offering them ready-made metaphors, when the counselor senses a metaphor would be useful; or, is conspicuous by its absence, the counselor asks the client, "And that's like what?" The client is invited to innovate their own metaphor. The benefit to the counselor is the client is likely to come up with a metaphor from their most-open sensory channel. Learning a client's most open sensory channel is valuable for the counselor for future metaphor construction if the client is stuck. Clean Language was devised by David Grove in the 1980s as a result of his work on clinical methods for resolving clients' traumatic memories. Cei Davies Linn was closely involved in the early evolution and development of Grove's work such as Clean Language and Epistemological Metaphors. As Lawley and Tompkins describe it, Grove realized many clients were describing their symptoms in metaphors drawn from the words of previous therapists, instead of from their own experience. Clean Language also is the basis of Symbolic Modelling, a stand-alone method and process for psychotherapy and coaching, developed by Lawley and Tompkins; Clean Space; and Systemic Modelling, applied in organisational development. Clean Language can also be used in addition to a therapist or coach's existing approach.
  • 934
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Precision Health Care for Diabetes
Tailoring integrated care through interdisciplinary collaborative practice among patients, nurses, and physicians based on the patient’s genetics or lifestyle, glycemic target, biodata- or evidence-based practice, patient preferences, and priority for improving patient self-management to achieve glycemic control.
  • 933
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents.
  • 933
  • 30 Sep 2021
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