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Topic Review
Distance Education in Europe
During the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching and learning changed massively. Instead of learning in a common place—the classroom—at a common time, the pandemic situation led to a spatial and temporal separation of students and teachers. This unforeseen and unprepared phase of distance education that occurred in spring 2020 is termed emergency remote teaching . The term ERT describes the temporary shift of instruction to distance and the rapid establishment of alternative ways to teach in order to maintain some form of school education. Teaching during ERT was mostly achieved by the means of digital media and the internet. This reorganization of the teaching “shocked teachers at all levels and at the same time inspired them to find solutions to problems they have not encountered before”. As part of the urgent search for new teaching methods and the need to find creative solutions to the problems they faced, teachers all over the world aimed to develop a new form of continuity in education: the implementation of online education as the “new normal”.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Youth Associations and Entrepreneurship
The development of skills for entrepreneurship among young people has attracted interest at various levels, as a way of overcoming many problems that affect this group in the areas of economic development and job creation. It was possible to verify that youth associations assume a dual role, on the one hand contributing to the personal, social and professional development of its leaders, members and participants, and on the other hand, as a promoter of social transformation, particularly at the local level.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Distributed Leadership
Multiple definitions of distributed leadership exist in the literature. For the purpose of clarity, researchers consider distributed leadership to involve the fostering of shared leadership practices which enhance school/workplace culture and practices. While differences may exist in terms of definitional concepts, there is clear consensus that context and setting are integral to the understanding of distributed leadership. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Using Learning Gain to Evaluate Undergraduate Business Education
During the COVID-19 pandemic, universities across the globe replaced in-person teaching, with online teaching, because of widespread campus shutdowns. Through the application of a pre-existing learning gain model, it was possible to review the learning of one cohort of students receiving in-person teaching, and then the next cohort of students on the same course receiving the online teaching. Overall, a drop in perceived learning was reported from the cohort of students receiving online teaching. For female students, the most significant drop in learning related to practical understanding, whereas for male students, the most significant drop in learning related to theoretical knowledge.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Repair as a Design Practice
Repair as a design practice means that repair ought to be part of design education, at the very least for those design curricula that cover product design.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Subvocalization
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read. This is a natural process when reading, and it helps the mind to access meanings to comprehend and remember what is read, potentially reducing cognitive load. This inner speech is characterized by minuscule movements in the larynx and other muscles involved in the articulation of speech. Most of these movements are undetectable (without the aid of machines) by the person who is reading. It is one of the components of Baddeley and Hitch's phonological loop proposal which accounts for the storage of these types of information into short-term memory.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Math Education
Problem solving has been a prominent field of research in mathematics education for several decades; however, it is still a current trend, due to the relevance of this theme in the teaching and learning of mathematics, across all grade levels and around the world. The importance of problem solving has taken on new contours, either by being considered as a central element of mathematical literacy and competence, or by the recommendations of its cross-curricular integration. Further, problem solving is constantly being mentioned as a highly valued 21st century skill, along with others like creativity, critical thinking, communication or collaboration. Parallel to problem solving comes problem posing. It is a more recent field of research, still in deep development, that has strong connections with creativity and critical thinking. Despite advances in research on mathematical problem solving, new questions and contexts arise that justify further investigation, such as challenges for (future) teachers and students; problem posing; creativity; articulation with other abilities; connections with other disciplinary areas; formal vs. nonformal education; relation with technology; and articulation with the affective domain.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Higher Education Quality Standards in University Colleges
Universities worldwide strive to achieve excellence in research, learning, teaching, and community services, which are the pillars of their strategic plans.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
School Failure
School failure (and early dropout) is usually centred at the secondary stage; low academic performance in previous educational stages may be the origin and cause of later failure and dropout. Therefore, competency and diagnostic tests carried out during the primary and secondary stages are essential to identify the pupils with the lowest levels of competences, with these being those with the greatest basic difficulties in educational development, and therefore potential school failure and drop-out pupils. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Digital Transformation in Higher Education
Digital transformation in higher education does not merely refer to a technological transformation. From an institutional perspective, the digital transformation in a broad sense is understood as a way to determine the stakeholder needs and behaviors in advance, and to provide education, research, and social services in line with the demands of the pupils who take advantage of the services in a changing environment. For this reason, digital transformation in education is being implemented worldwide step-by-step, with attention being paid to helping students with digital tools that can be reachable wherever there is an online computer terminal. Saving time and resources by means of online management and tuition seems to be the consolidated challenge. This means the digitalization of core services, having academics and students with advanced digital capabilities, and decision support systems that can adapt to changing circumstances.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Use of Virtual Labs in the Tertiary Education
There is a growing demand for Virtual Laboratories (VLabs) in tertiary education to support remote, flexible, and equitable learning. Most of the universities in Australia offer distance education to students who do not attend on-campus classes. On-line labs allowing access via an internet connection can offer learners the required infrastructure to complete their lab tasks without attending physical lab facilities. The onset of COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 has seen further spike in demand for VLabs as accessing online lab facilities to undertake hands on activities from anywhere and anytime was imperative during lockdown periods.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Monitoring the Progress of Doctoral Students
Doctoral students, graduate students, or postgraduate researchers (PGRs) are those students who undertake a research degree culminating in a thesis of original work. In this entry-level paper, they will generally be referred to as PGRs, as this demonstrates the importance of their contribution to the global research culture. In the UK, doctorates, usually a PhD but also professional doctorates, are typically three to four years in length full-time or six years part-time and are undertaken as an individual study. Research degrees are therefore unlike undergraduate and master’s programmes as they are not taught in a classroom with other students. PGRs can therefore suffer from an isolating student experience. Student monitoring refers to systems which track PGR engagement, progress and attendance. They can therefore be used to ensure that the PGR is present on the programme and submitting work, often in accordance with pre-set deadlines. Although doctorates internationally do have many similarities, there are also significant differences. This entry manuscript will be focused on UK doctoral study, although references will be made to the international stage as appropriate.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Explainable AI (XAI) Explanation Techniques
Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasing rapidly over the past decade and has expanded to essentially all domains. Along with it grew the need to understand the predictions and suggestions provided by machine learning. Explanation techniques have been researched intensively in the context of explainable AI (XAI), with the goal of boosting confidence, trust, user satisfaction, and transparency.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Teachers
The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework consists of three components: Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), and Technological Knowledge (TK). Additionally, it encompasses four composite factors that arise from the intersection of these three components. These composite factors include Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK).
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Ecology Education
Industrial ecology (IE) education is a topic that has received attention in institutions of higher education throughout the world. Some universities have been teaching and researching IE for the past 20 years but its scope is still being defined. There is a need to catalogue and exchange experiences of IE teaching and their results. In addition to an extensive literature review, this paper provides a framework composed of content and strategies for teaching Industrial Ecology. This framework is tested in teaching IE as a general education course for undergraduate students at Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT). The methodology applied in this paper is of a descriptive and empirical nature and thus this paper focuses on a practice-oriented perspective in describing the experience at BIT. A range of different strategies, including lectures, group discussions, case studies, role playing games, oral presentations, evaluation, and student feedback have been incorporated into the course. The course received highly positive evaluation by the participating students. Students were impressed by IE’s characteristic of interdisciplinarity, way of thinking and practical value. Additionally, the course appears to influence students’ values, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. The paper concludes with some thoughts on ways of improving IE education in the future.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education
Since its origin in the 1950s, artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved from technological to educational applications. AI is emerging as an essential tool in education. Its integration into education promises the personalization and the globalization of learning. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Virtual Reality-Assisted Language Learning
Virtual Reality (VR) refers to a three-dimensional (3D) environment generated by computer technology, which can provide a context similar to visual simulation and other senses. It allows users to communicate with people, machines, and other entities in the virtual environment by using computers and various devices. The dramatic reduction in the cost of devices and technology has driven a rapid growth of VR applications in educational fields such as medicine, science, and mathematics in recent years that has been proven to be positive. Learners feel the actual situation through sensory organs, which can help them improve their motivation, participation, and learning ability. Moreover, VR has also been applied to language learning and has shown the importance and potential of applications to support language learning.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Learning Engagement and Student Academic Performance
This project aims to better understand the relationship among online engagement indicators, continuous assessment marks and personal factors in predicting student performance in final exams.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Assessment of Citizens’ Netiquette and Information Literacy
In a rapidly evolving world, digital representation of information and its communication through digital technologies have transformed our daily life with severe consequences in terms of sustainability in society. Citizens must face demands of different natures of the digital world. The current society presents a new scenario that demands new perspectives for cyber connection and user empowerment. Digital competence (DC) taught and assessed was influenced by the framework chosen, based mainly on commercial applications such as Microsoft’s Office Suite and operating system. The launch of DigComp in 2013 facilitated the development of tailored implementations, providing a reference framework to work on DC. However, most of the implementations related to competence assessment are self-reports compounded by multiple-choice items and Likert scales, only measuring low-order cognitive skills (e.g., IKANOS, probably the best known self-diagnostic tool at a European level available on http://test.ikanos.eus/ (accessed on 3 March 2022)). Furthermore, the skill component of the DC is barely evaluated, probably because the development of simulations or task-based assessments is complicated and time consuming.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Digital and Emergency eLearning Technologies during COVID-19 Lockdown
The pandemic disrupted all aspects of citizens’ lives—health services, the economy and educational practices. Government-mandated social distancing and stay-at-home injunctions required a drastic change in educational processes and delivery. The digital economy became the glue holding the “socially-distanced economy” together. As Bhaskar et al. (p. 6) contended, digitalization helped people to work, learn, shop, and socialize while locked down; it allowed society to cling to some semblance of normalcy.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2022
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