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Topic Review
Trends of Adolescent Substance Use in Macau
Substance use, including the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs has been found to be associated with many health and social problems throughout the world. Adolescents are always more vulnerable to taking risks and engaging in unhealthy or delinquent behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and using illicit drugs. Most of the research on adolescent substance use is from either the U.S, Europe, or other non-Eastern countries, but very little attention is paid to those in the Greater China Region. As a special administrative region of China, Macau is known for its gambling industry, its proximity to the Golden Triangle, and its lenient drug law, all of which can be conducive to high-level drug use in the population, including its adolescents. Among the key results, the rates of cigarette smoking and illicit drug use were low to moderate while the rates of alcohol use were relatively high; cigarette smoking decreased during the period, but alcohol use and illicit drug use remained stable; Macau adolescents shared similar risk factors for substance use with adolescents elsewhere, but unique circumstances might exist to influence their alcohol consumption.
  • 855
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inequality
In social science, inequality refers to the disparities in the distribution of resources, opportunities, or privileges among individuals or groups within a society. These disparities can manifest in various forms, including economic, educational, and social inequalities, contributing to differential access to resources and opportunities. The study of inequality involves examining the structural factors, such as socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity, that perpetuate and shape these disparities, with the aim of understanding their impact on individuals and society at large.
  • 854
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
International Migration from (Anglophone) Cameroon
In Africa, international migration to the Global North is often interpreted as a means to achieve upward social mobility. This article highlights the importance of considering the socio-economic and political transformations that form migration aspirations, especially among African youths. Simultaneously, increasing restrictive migration regimes impacts the extent to which migrants can meet the clauses in the moral economy of migration in their origin communities. We focus on (Anglophone) Cameroon, where international migration is referred to as “bushfalling”. A person who migrates to a Western society desires or is expected to return home to share the wealth he/she has accumulated. This interpretation of migration forms different perspectives regarding migrants and guides expectations towards returned migrants. However, little is known on how these expectations are defined and redefined in the society of return. Based on focus group discussions conducted among local community members, we show that the expectations were guided by the visa regimes of destination countries. Moreover, successful returnees were defined by their ability to be visible and create an impact after return. Thus, this article contributes more broadly to an African perspective on the meaning and impact of return migration.
  • 852
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Achieved Status
Achieved status refers to the social position or rank that individuals attain through their own efforts, abilities, or accomplishments within society. Unlike ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or through inherent characteristics, achieved status is earned through education, occupation, skills, or personal achievements, reflecting individuals' merit and contributions to society.
  • 842
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
COVID19 Immunity To Immunology
Immunity is an important term directly related to prevent any kind of infection spreading -particularly Covid19 under this pandemic situation . The specs of immunity depends on various factors like Foods & Diets , Environment / Ecology , Good Habits , Natural Remedies like Herbs & Anti-Oxidant therapy. Now we will discuss the every aspects of Immunity for boosting it up for a natural prevention of Covid19 ! . It is our sociological consiousnrss to maintain  strictly our immune system will be strong enough to fight against this Viral Curse .In the Pandemic world of Covid19 there are 300 types of vaccine-evelopment works are ongoing . In india also we have seen SII ( Pune ) are under trial of Phase2-3 trials . AstraZeneca - Oxford university , Cansino , Pfizer are trying under trial vaccine . As we are all aware that it is a long way to  nd out the ethical trial ( Clinical eciency ) universally U.S.S.R has been under claim stage . We the common people are in good hope that the vaccination will get in success to stop such Spike Crown .Without the term immunity vaccination will not be effecrive to irradicate the viral infection .
  • 839
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Traffic Flow Forecasting Technology
The sustainable development of mankind is a matter of concern to the whole world. Environmental pollution and haze diffusion have greatly affected the sustainable development of mankind. According to previous research, vehicle exhaust emissions are an important source of environmental pollution and haze diffusion. The sharp increase in the number of cars has also made the supply of energy increasingly tight. In this entry, we have explored the use of intelligent navigation technology based on data analysis to reduce the overall carbon emissions of vehicles on road networks. We have implemented a traffic flow prediction method using a genetic algorithm and particle-swarm-optimization-enhanced support vector regression, constructed a model for predicting vehicle exhaust emissions based on predicted road conditions and vehicle fuel consumption, and built our low-carbon-emission-oriented navigation algorithm based on a spatially optimized dynamic path planning algorithm. The results show that our method could help to significantly reduce the overall carbon emissions of vehicles on the road network, which means that our method could contribute to the construction of low-carbon-emission intelligent transportation systems and smart cities.
  • 839
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Race and the War on Drugs
The War on Drugs is a term for the actions taken and legislation enacted by the United States government, intended to reduce or eliminate the production, distribution, and use of illicit drugs. The War on Drugs began during the Nixon Administration with the goal of reducing the supply of and demand for illegal drugs, though an ulterior, racial motivation has been proposed. The War on Drugs has led to controversial legislation and policies, including mandatory minimum penalties and stop-and-frisk searches, which have been suggested to be carried out disproportionately against minorities. The effects of the War on Drugs are contentious, with some suggesting that it has created racial disparities in arrests, prosecutions, imprisonment and rehabilitation. Others have criticized the methodology and conclusions of such studies. In addition to enforcement disparities, some claim that the collateral effects of the War on Drugs have established forms of structural violence, especially for minority communities.
  • 834
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Population Projections
Population projections serve various actors at sub-national, national, and international levels as a quantitative basis for political and economic decision-making. Often, the users are no experts in statistics or forecasting and therefore lack the methodological and demographic background to completely understand the methods and limitations behind the projections they use for their analyses. Our contribution primarily targets that readership.
  • 832
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sustainable Coworking Space
Coworking is a trend that is becoming increasingly popular and is often associated with sustainability. However, a lack of consensus exists on what a sustainable coworking space is. This study addresses this by investigating what is currently understood by a sustainable coworking space. Q-methodology is used to analyze 27 participants’ subjective ideas about what a sustainable coworking space is, resulting in four distinct perspectives. The four perspectives are identified as follows: 1. “New Work”, 2. “Resourceful Society”, 3. “Incubator, and 4. “Environmental”. These perspectives have distinct opinions on what important sustainability aspects in the context of coworking spaces are. Whilst some prioritize environmental and community factors, others have a mixed focus. Additionally, the four perspectives share some common beliefs. All of them believe in the importance of sustainable mobility, as well as in the moderate importance of encouraging their members to be socially responsible. These findings offer insight into the different understandings of coworking space sustainability. This is important because currently this field is under-researched, and a more systematic approach to sustainability in this field is needed. This research lays the foundation to do so and helps work toward a better understanding of coworking in a sustainability and innovative context.
  • 831
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Rating Site
A rating site (less commonly, a rate-me site) is a website designed for users to vote on or rate people, content, or other things. Rating sites are typically organized around attributes such as physical appearance, body parts, voice, personality, etc. They may also be devoted to the subjects' occupational ability, for example teachers, professors, lawyers, doctors, etc.
  • 826
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Independent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a British political party of the left, established in 1893, when the Liberals appeared reluctant to endorse working-class candidates, representing the interests of the majority. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, Keir Hardie, became its first chairman. The party was positioned to the left of Ramsay MacDonald’s Labour Representation Committee, which was founded in 1900 and soon renamed the Labour Party, and to which the ILP was affiliated from 1906 to 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation rejoined Labour as Independent Labour Publications in 1975.
  • 825
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Urban-Mobility
       Covid-19 has caused a huge impact on all aspects of the world, and the urban transport systems have experienced a severe challenge during the epidemic. Taxies play an important role in ensuring basic travel and show their unique advantages in epidemic prevention and control while the large volume of public transport modes are limited during the epidemic period. It is necessary to reevaluate the occupancy and consumption of resources and benefits of similar taxi transport modes, consider the relationship between similar taxi transport modes and other public transport modes, and establish a harmonious and symbiotic urban travel system. In the future, we aim to contribute to the establishment of an innovative, healthy, and safe urban transport system, restore the confidence in the public transport, and promote the development of sustainable transport systems after the epidemic through more research on the relationship between the epidemic and urban transport. After all, Urban mobility is not the main cause of the spread of the virus.
  • 822
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Road Traffic Safety
This paper attempts to examine whether socioeconomic volatility produces differentiated effects on road traffic accident indicators. Adopting the Autoregressive distributed lag error-correction model (ARDL-ECM) , this paper explores the long-term equilibrium and short-term interactions between five common economic indicators, namely, average salaries (AS), employment (EM), unemployment (UE), total mileage of highway (TMH), and private vehicle ownership (PVO), as well as road traffic-related indicators including the number of road traffic accidents (RTA), injuries (IN), fatalities (FA), and direct economic losses (DEL), using data of road traffic accidents spanning from 1999 to 2018 in China. The study found that all economic indicators except average salaries showed a long-term equilibrium with road traffic accident indicators. The Granger causality test showed that, over the short term, an increase in employment could lead to an increase in injuries, and an increase in private vehicle ownership could cause a rise in fatalities. This study demonstrates that the volatility in economic indicators indeed produces differentiated effects on road traffic accident indicators, providing a theoretical basis for improving road safety performance and formulating relevant policies.
  • 821
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gentrification
Gentrification is a socio-economic process characterized by the influx of affluent residents and investment in previously marginalized urban areas, resulting in rising property values, displacement of lower-income residents, and shifts in the neighborhood's cultural and demographic makeup. This phenomenon often stems from urban revitalization efforts, leading to debates surrounding social equity, housing affordability, and community identity preservation.
  • 818
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neoabolitionism
Neoabolitionist (or neo-abolitionist or new abolitionism) is a term used in historiography to characterize historians of race relations motivated by the spirit of racial equality typified by the abolitionists who fought to abolish slavery in the mid-19th century. They write especially about African-American history, slavery, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. As abolitionists had worked in the 19th century to end slavery and provide equal rights under the US Constitution to blacks, the new activists worked to enforce constitutional rights for all citizens and restore equality under the law for African Americans, including suffrage and civil rights. In the late 20th century some historians emphasized the worlds of African Americans in their own words, in their own communities, to recognize them as agents, not victims. Publishing in the mid-1960s and through the 20th century, a new generation of historians began to revise traditional accounts of slavery in the United States, reconstruction, racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Some major historians began to apply the term "neoabolitionist" to such historians, and some of this group identified as such.
  • 808
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multiply (Website)
{{Multiple issues| Multiply was a social networking service with an emphasis on allowing users to share media – such as photos, videos and blog entries – with their "real-world" network. The website was launched in March 2004 and was privately held with backing by VantagePoint Venture Partners, Point Judith Capital, Transcosmos, and private investors. Multiply had over 11 million registered users. The company was headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida but moved to Jakarta, Indonesia early in 2012 and recently announced intentions to switch to e-commerce, dropping the social networking aspect entirely. Quantcast estimates Multiply had 2.47 million monthly U.S. unique visitors at their peak on July 30, 2012. On Multiply, a user's network was made up of their direct contacts, as well as others who are closely connected to them through their first-degree relationships. Additionally, users were encouraged to specify the nature of their relationship with one another, making it possible to share content with their entire network of closely related people, or subsets thereof including friends, family, professional contacts, and so on. May 31, 2013 officially marked the closing of their operations after more than 9 years and 2 months following its inability to make a profit and was later dissolved and have its assets redistributed after filing articles of dissolution due to financial difficulties whilst expressing the hope that the website might reorganize, retain Jakarta, Indonesia as headquarters, and reopen as a social networking service in the future. When business stabilized, the management began to re-open the site and to recovering hosted blogs, videos, photos and messaging.
  • 805
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Labor Exploitation
The exploitation of labor is a concept that pertains to the unfair or unjust treatment of workers by employers or those in positions of power within economic systems. It is often associated with the extraction of surplus value from labor, where workers are not adequately compensated for the value they contribute to the production process. This concept is central to Marxist economic theory and has broader implications in discussions about workers' rights and social justice.
  • 797
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing in Automotive Sector
Triple bottom line (3BL) approaches to sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) often involve trade-offs between their three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social). Under some circumstances, however, synergic approaches (typically involving disruptive innovations) might allow simultaneous improvement in one or more dimensions without compromising the others. This entry analyzes one such case: the potential of properly designed additive manufacturing approaches in the automotive spare parts industry to simultaneously boost profits and reduce environmental impact.It is based on the systematic analysis of the real spare parts business of a mid-size automotive brand in Spain. Its results suggest that such synergic, self-reinforcing opportunities do indeed exist, and might even be further developed by  strategically integrating sustainability constituents, while completely changing the current spare parts' business model. 
  • 792
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
World Religions
World religions is a category used in the study of religion to demarcate the five—and in some cases more—largest and most internationally widespread religious movements. Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are always included in the list, being known as the "Big Five". Some scholars also include other world religions, such as Taoism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and/or the Baháʼí Faith, in the category. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as indigenous religions and new religious movements, which are also used by scholars in this field of research. The world religions paradigm was developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s, where it was pioneered by phenomenological scholars like Ninian Smart. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the United Kingdom and other countries. The paradigm's emphasis on viewing these religious movements as distinct and mutually exclusive entities has also had a wider impact on the categorisation of religion—for instance in censuses—in both Western countries and elsewhere. Since the late 20th century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion like Jonathan Z. Smith, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially-constructed category.
  • 788
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nuances of Emirati Identity
Identity, as a complex and multifaceted concept, has been a subject of exploration among various sociologists and theorists. Dual-identity Emiratis have long been a topic of discussion and introspection within Emirati communities. 
  • 782
  • 12 Dec 2023
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