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Topic Review
Multi-Method Approach to Measuring Self-Regulated Learning
Self-regulated learning (SRL) is an active process in which individuals set goals, monitor their learning process, and regulate it according to goals and contextual demands. Most models of self-regulated learning assume that the purposeful use of specific processes, strategies, or responses is directed toward improving academic performance. They also assume that SRL involves cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational/affective processes, knowledge about these processes, and strategies for carrying them out. It is challenging to measure the (meta)cognitive and motivational/affective process and its components in SRL. No existing measure alone can capture the full complexity of this dynamic process and its contents. In general, SRL measures can be divided into offline and online measures. Offline measures, e.g., self-report questionnaires and interviews, attempt to capture self-regulation before or after the completion of the learning process, while online measures attempt to capture self-regulation in real time while learning is in progress.
  • 775
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Developmental Disorder
Developmental disorders comprise a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term. The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the ICD-10. These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, motor disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. In broader definitions ADHD is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet others include antisocial behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life. However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability. Developmental disorders are present from early life. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life.
  • 772
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Memory, Motivation and Language Learning
When applying information and communication technologies (ICT)  in language learning, learners' motivation and the retention of both short and long-term memory were proved to be improved.
  • 771
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Supporting Doctoral Candidates through Completion and Final Examination
Completion and final examination comprise the final stages of a doctoral program and represent the culmination of the doctoral candidates’ years of research. In this entry, completion is defined as the writing and submission of a doctoral thesis, and final examination is defined as the viva voce. Over the years, the format and scope of doctoral degrees has expanded and a variety of formats are now offered. In addition to the traditional research-only doctoral degree, professional, practice-based, and new route programs also contain a taught element alongside research. However, the creation of a substantive thesis or practice-based alternative addressing a novel research question is common to all. In contrast, processes and formats of viva voces vary across the globe. These range from private, closed-door defenses to assessed or ritualistic public defense presentations. For both completion and final examination, there are many practical and psychological hurdles that need to be navigated in order for the candidate to attain their doctoral degree. This entry will highlight these aspects as well as provide evidence-based guidance for supervisors in supporting their doctoral candidates through these daunting final stages.
  • 770
  • 15 May 2024
Topic Review
A healthy socioemotional foundation in education
In the early school years, the emphasis is more and more on cognitive output factors. Non-cognitive development is receiving less attention than before, though such factors are important determinants of academic success. This study focuses on socioemotional characteristics, more specifically, on attitudes, behavior, and relationships of 6500 grade 2 pupils who participated in the representative Dutch large-scale cohort study COOL5-18. The results showed that the teachers rated their pupil’s work attitude as lower than their behavior and popularity. They were more positive regarding their relationship with the pupils. More important was that there were differences according to the pupils’ social and ethnic/immigrant backgrounds: ethnic minority/immigrant pupils scored less positive on all non-cognitive characteristics than native Dutch pupils, and the higher the parental educational level, the more favorable their children performed on the non-cognitive characteristics. These findings are discussed and possible solutions are presented.
  • 765
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AR Learning Environment Integrated with EIA Inquiry Mode
Augmented reality (AR), the technology of integrating virtual objects with the real world, has the following three defining characteristics: (a) Combines real and virtual objects in a real environment; (b) Runs interactively and synchronously; (c) Registers real and virtual objects with each other. Based on these characteristics, AR has been proven to have great potential educational affordances which are especially useful in the sciences, including spatial ability, practical skills, scientific inquiry learning, and conceptual understanding.
  • 757
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Language Learning Investment in Higher Education
Second language learning investment relates to the willingness and effort of learners to develop language competencies which will give them a good return in terms of personal or professional benefits. Investment relates to a learner’s willingness to learn something which they believe could “give them a good return on that investment”. Qualitative research findings indicate that the construct of investment is complex and interweaves different aspects of language learning, such as motivation, necessity or personal needs, engagement and agency.
  • 747
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Learner Autonomy at a Defence University
The success of nurturing learner autonomy lies in the collaboration between two parties—teachers and students. A mismatch of perception and expectation of the desirable level of learner autonomy that should be given in class may lead to failure in developing learner autonomy. The teachers and students are involved collaboratively in carrying learner autonomy. However, all of the significant differences pointed out a higher degree of support for learner autonomy of the students and a lower degree of support for learner autonomy of the teachers. The success of promoting learner autonomy is influenced by the teachers’ beliefs, motivation and encouragement, and also students’ capacity to be autonomous, namely ability, willingness and opportunity.
  • 746
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Active Evidence-Based Learning in Engineering Education
Implementing active learning methods in engineering education is becoming the new norm and is seen as a prerequisite to prepare future engineers not only for their professional life, but also to tackle global issues. Teachers at higher education institutions are expected and encouraged to introduce their students to active learning experiences, such as problem-, project-, and more recently, challenge-based learning. 
  • 744
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Higher Education Sustainable Business Excellence
Higher education has always been a driver of development for an entire society, as it influences the growth of the economy, culture and individual career development. Accordingly, higher education is an area that is constantly exposed to requests for the continuous improvement, competitiveness and sustainable development of all of the processes carried out in higher education institutions (HEIs). Sustainable business excellence (SBE) is based on a business excellence (BE) concept, meaning that the exceptional levels of performance that meet or go beyond the expectations of different groups of stakeholders are obtained and kept, with current resource usage, which will not compromise future generations’ ability to meet their resource utilisation. SBE represents a concept with many influencing factors: participation, motivation, professional staff training, a focus on customers, strategic planning, a focus on innovation and continuous improvement, leadership, process management, and most crucially sustainable resource management.
  • 734
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Learning Remotely during a Pandemic
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face learning was the generally accepted mode of knowledge dissemination, and the use of technology was often limited to using learning management systems (such as Moodle, Blackboard) for many higher education institutes. Particularly in the developing world, the issues related to online learning, such as limitations in devices, access to the internet, or technical know-how impeded the speedy transition to the e-learning sector. Additionally, the learning eco-system that has been developed is one for face-to-face learning where there is a significant emphasis on using libraries, meeting lecturers and colleagues as part of the learning process. In this backdrop, moving the learning process online was a risk for many higher educational institutes, where they risk alienating (fee-paying) students as well as teachers in an increasingly competitive sector. As various levels of social-distancing measures were implemented around the world, the educational institutes and students had very little choice but to transit quickly to remote (online) learning. In this process, the students were required to tap into key skills (such as digital skills) and technical experiences many have gained through pre-university learning. 
  • 728
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Digital and Emergency eLearning Technologies during COVID-19 Lockdown
The pandemic disrupted all aspects of citizens’ lives—health services, the economy and educational practices. Government-mandated social distancing and stay-at-home injunctions required a drastic change in educational processes and delivery. The digital economy became the glue holding the “socially-distanced economy” together. As Bhaskar et al. (p. 6) contended, digitalization helped people to work, learn, shop, and socialize while locked down; it allowed society to cling to some semblance of normalcy.
  • 726
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effective STEM Research Experience Programs for High Schools
High school research experience programs (HSREPs) provide opportunities for true science education and expose students to scientific investigations in laboratory settings. Various HSREPs models have been practiced to shape students’ research understandings; however, a systematic comparison of the success, challenges, and opportunities of these HSREPs has not been gauged. This entry compares the effectiveness of such science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) based HSREP models reported in the last two decades.
  • 724
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sustainability Education in China’s Junior Geography Curriculum
Sustainability education (SE), also known as education for sustainability (EfS) or education for SD (ESD), is recognized as an internal element of the fourth (i.e., quality education) of the seventeen United Nations’ (UN) SD goals and has been incorporated into school curricula around the world. China is no exception. As one of the pioneer countries in advocating environmental protection, the Chinese government has called for a paradigm shift in pedagogies that should be problem-solving-based and sustainability-centered.
  • 722
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Educational Technology as a Support Tool
A “Specific Learning Difficulty” (SLD) is considered to be the affectation and involvement of language, reading, writing, and/or calculation at a cognitive level. In the field of educational technology, there is a great deal of research that seeks to develop educational inclusion. Emerging technologies, such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), the Semantic Web, or Artificial Intelligence (AI), are fundamental in the development of this new context.
  • 718
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
School-Based Intervention to Children exercise
Three key health behaviors, physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep (SLP), have been identified by the 24-h framework as movement behaviors. School-based interventions targeting these multiple health behaviors among children have the potential to increase health outcomes. Despite this, the efficacy and sustainability of school-based movement behavior interventions among children has not been evaluated yet. To fill this gap in literature, this systematic review will aim to: 1) Summarize and classify movement behavior strategies used in literature to improve PA, SB and SLP in/from school in children; and 2) measure the effect of movement behavior strategies used in literature to improve PA, SB and SLP in children. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020199154). A systematic search will be conducted between 2010 to 2020 in five databases: Pubmed, Scopus, SPORTDiscuss, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Risk of bias and quality assessment will be evaluated and measured according to the recommended tools. This systematic review will provide information about which kind of school-based movement behavior interventions are effective, sustainable and the best to implement in children.
  • 717
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Higher Education Quality Standards in University Colleges
Universities worldwide strive to achieve excellence in research, learning, teaching, and community services, which are the pillars of their strategic plans.
  • 716
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Spiral Emotion Labor and Teacher Development Sustainability
Because the current literature on teachers’ emotion labor (EL) mainly focuses on strategies and how EL correlates with relevant factors in the educational context, EL is generally treated as static and synchronic. Teachers’ EL has been conceptualized as a contextual and dynamic process that takes the form of spiral circles that teachers encounter throughout their professional life. 
  • 715
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Major (Academic)
An academic major is the academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits. A student who successfully completes all courses required for the major qualifies for an undergraduate degree. The word "major" is also sometimes used administratively to refer to the academic discipline pursued by a graduate student or postgraduate student in a master's or doctoral program. An academic major typically requires completion of a combination of prescribed and elective courses in the chosen discipline. In addition, most colleges and universities require that all students take a general core curriculum in the liberal arts. The latitude a student has in choosing courses varies from program to program. An academic major is administered by select faculty in an academic department. A major administered by more than one academic department is called an interdisciplinary major. In some settings, students may be permitted to design their own major, subject to faculty approval. In the US, students are usually not required to choose their major discipline when first enrolling as an undergraduate. Normally students are required to commit by the end of their second academic year at latest, and some schools even disallow students from declaring a major until this time. A student who declares two academic majors is said to have a double major. A coordinate major is an ancillary major designed to complement the primary one. A coordinate major requires fewer course credits to complete.
  • 710
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Massive Open Online Courses
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) is generally recognized as one of the most recent developmental phases of open educational resources that have tremendously transformed higher education institutions and significantly minimized the spiraling costs of learning. It is reshaping the quality of teaching and learning experiences for students and it provides a wide diversity of high-quality courses and valuable learning materials for the diverse needs of students
  • 705
  • 14 Apr 2022
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