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Topic Review
Swarm Exploration and Communications
Swarm exploration by multi-agent systems relies on stable inter-agent communication. However, so far both exploration and communication have been mainly considered separately despite their strong inter-dependency in such systems. By a semantic communication design, communication efficiency in terms of latency, required data rate, energy, and complexity may be improved. 
  • 696
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Static Configuration in Urban Rail Transit
With the rapid development of urban rail transit, the traditional urban rail wireless network based on fixed infrastructure is not in a position to meet the increasingly complex communication demand. At the same time, Ad Hoc network, as a special wireless mobile network, is developing rapidly. Applying this self-organized networking architecture to the urban rail vehicle–ground communication network can overcome the problems existing in the traditional urban rail communication system. The routing protocols that can achieve low delay and highly reliable data transmission are important in the urban rail transit scenario.
  • 690
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Flexible Ethernet and Network Traffic Prediction
With the continuous emergence of the concept of 6G, the rapid development of industrial application scenarios, and the rise in demand for dedicated line services, there has been a strong and diverse demand for network capacity. The introduction of fine-granularity FlexE technology provides a new approach to addressing the diversification of Quality of Service (QoS) and the resource waste caused by large granularity (5 Gbps). 
  • 682
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Six Rays Model
Six-rays model is applied in an urban or indoor environment where a radio signal transmitted will encounter some objects that produce reflected, refracted or scattered copies of the transmitted signal. These are called multipath signal components, they are attenuated, delayed and shifted from the original signal (LOS) due to a finite number of reflectors with known location and dielectric properties, LOS and multipath signal are summed at the receiver. This model approach the propagation of electromagnetic waves by representing wavefront as simple particles. Thus reflection, refraction and scattering effects are approximated using simple geometric equation instead Maxwell's wave equations. The simplest model is two-rays which predicts signal variation resulting from a ground reflection interfering with the loss path. This model is applicable in isolated areas with some reflectors, such as rural roads or hallway. The above two-rays approach can easily be extended to add as many rays as required. We may add rays bouncing off each side of a street in an urban corridor, leading to a six-rays model. The deduction of the six-rays model is presented below.
  • 677
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
VLC/RF Hybrid Network Applications
With the goal of secure and efficient communications, the VLC Consortium (VLCC) was established to promote and standardize VLC technology in 2007. VLC is characterized by high security, as information cannot be filtered. In addition, it is immune to RF interference, meaning that the system can be used freely in environments sensitive to electromagnetic signals.
  • 658
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fuzzy-Based Efficient Healthcare Data Collection in the IoMT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an advanced technology that comprises numerous devices with carrying sensors to collect, send, and receive data. Due to its vast popularity and efficiency, it is employed in collecting crucial data for the health sector. As the sensors generate huge amounts of data, it is better for the data to be aggregated before being transmitting the data further. These sensors generate redundant data frequently and transmit the same values again and again unless there is no variation in the data. 
  • 653
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Image Transmission and Selenium: Adriano de Paiva and Initial Steps in the XIX Century
Sound transmission, in the form of the telephone, was invented by Alexander Graham Bell et al. in the seventies of the XIX century. Inspired by this development, Adriano de Paiva published in 1878 the idea of the transmission of images at a distance using electricity and selenium. His proposal was based upon earlier work by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who identified the selenium element in 1817, and of Willoughby Smith, who in 1873 identified a peculiar property of this material—its conductivity dependence upon incident light. The 1878 paper of Adriano de Paiva is the first publication proposing to benefit from the properties of selenium in order to achieve electrical image transmission at a distance and, in the words of the author, enable ubiquity—the transmission of sound and image anywhere in real time. This encyclopedia entry delves into the early steps of electrical image transmission, concisely presenting the protagonists and controversies of scientific priority, and mentioning the impact of those pioneering contributions, still mentioned today, approximately one and a half centuries later.
  • 649
  • 06 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Location-Based Recommendation
Location-based recommendation is a recommender system that incorporates location information, such as that from a mobile device, into algorithms to attempt to provide more-relevant recommendations to users. This could include recommendations for restaurants, museums, or other points of interest or events near the user's location. These services take advantage of the increasing use of smartphones that store and provide the location information of their users alongside location-based social networks (LBSN), like Foursquare, Gowalla, Swarm, and Yelp. In addition to geosocial networking services, traditional online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter are using the location information of their users to show and recommend upcoming events, posts, and local trends. In addition to its value for users, this information is valuable for third-party companies to advertise products, hotels, places, and to forecast service demand such as the number of taxis needed in a part of a city.
  • 635
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
From 5G to Beyond
The histrionic growth of mobile subscribers, disruptive ecosystems such as IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are massive challenges of the earlier mobile generations, 5G turned up the key solution.
  • 605
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
R2 Signalling
R2 is a 1950s- and 1970s-era channel-associated-signalling signalling protocol used outside of the former Bell System, mostly Europe and Latin America, to convey information along a telephone trunk between two telephone switches in order to establish a single telephone call along that trunk. R2 is the name given to two broad protocol groups: R2 line signalling and R2 register signalling.
  • 601
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Enabled IoT for Rural Healthcare
Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchains are enabling technologies for modern healthcare applications, offering the improved monitoring of patient health and higher data integrity guarantees. However, in rural settings, communication reliability can pose a challenge that constrains real-time data usage. Additionally, the limited computation and communication resources of IoT sensors also means that they may not participate directly in blockchain transactions, reducing trust. 
  • 600
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
The rapid advancement of wireless communication combined with insufficient spectrum exploitation opens the door for the expansion of novel wireless services. Cognitive radio network (CRN) technology makes it possible to periodically access the open spectrum bands, which in turn improves the effectiveness of CRNs. Spectrum sensing (SS), which allows unauthorized users to locate open spectrum bands, plays a fundamental part in CRNs. A precise approximation of the power spectrum is essential to accomplish this. On the assumption that each secondary user's (SU) parameter vector contains some globally and partially shared parameters, spectrum sensing is viewed as a parameter estimation issue. Distributed and cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is a key component of this concept.
  • 594
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Non-Stationary Multipath 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks
In non-terrestrial networks, where low Earth orbit satellites and user equipment move relative to each other, line-of-sight tracking and adapting to channel state variations due to endpoint movements are a major challenge.
  • 591
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Low-Power Wide-Area Network and Long-Range Communication Technologies
Long-Range (LoRa) technology, renowned for its low-power, long-range capabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, faces challenges in real-world scenarios, including fading channels, interference, and environmental obstacles.
  • 590
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cognitive Hybrid RF/VLC Systems for Sensor Networks
Building on the foundations of Cognitive Radio (CR), Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Radio Frequency (RF), this integration of Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) fuses CR, VLC, and RF technologies with sensor networks. This integration navigates the complexities of dynamic and heterogeneous wireless environments, offering a novel framework to harness the combined potential of these domains. CRSNs leverage the adaptability and intelligence of CR, the high data rates and energy efficiency of VLC, and the ubiquity and range of RF. Sensor nodes in CRSNs, equipped with CR, VLC, and RF capabilities, autonomously sense, analyze, and adapt to the wireless environment. This optimizes spectrum usage, enhances network performance, and facilitates efficient data transmission.
  • 589
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sign Language Motion Generation
Motion generation is a research field aimed at developing realistic 2D or 3D animations based on different inputs such as image sequences, speech recordings, or text descriptions. Most state-of-the-art sign language motion generation systems are based on expert rules or prerecorded movements.
  • 583
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Smart-Contract-Based Automation for OF-RAN Processes
The opportunistic fog radio access network (OF-RAN) expands its offloading computation capacity on-demand by establishing virtual fog access points (v-FAPs), comprising user devices with idle resources recruited opportunistically to execute the offloaded tasks in a distributed manner. OF-RAN is attractive for providing computation offloading services to resource-limited Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices from vertical industrial applications such as smart transportation, tourism, mobile healthcare, and public safety. 
  • 575
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Congestion Mitigation Techniques in Ultra-Dense Wireless Sensor Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have evolved rapidly due to technological breakthroughs. WSNs generate high traffic due to the growing number of sensor nodes. Congestion is one of several problems caused by the huge amount of data in WSNs. When wireless network resources are limited and IoT devices require more and more resources, congestion occurs in extremely dense WSN-based IoT networks. Reduced throughput, reduced network capacity, and reduced energy efficiency within WSNs are all effects of congestion. These consequences eventually lead to network outages due to underutilized network resources, increased network operating costs, and significantly degraded quality of service (QoS).
  • 565
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain Technology for Service Provisioning in Cellular Networks
The attention on blockchain technology (BCT) to create new forms of relational reliance has seen an explosion of new applications and initiatives, to assure decentralized security and trust. Its potential as a game-changing technology relates to how data gets distributed and replicated over several organizations and countries. 
  • 562
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Optimizing Energy Consumption in UAV-Assisted IoT Networks
Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as ubiquitous and agile robots and data carriers within the framework of the future Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile wireless networks. Yet, the insufficient onboard battery necessitates the optimization of energy consumption for both the UAV and IoT devices while ensuring that communication requirements are met.
  • 532
  • 14 Nov 2023
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