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Topic Review
Attitude
In sociology, the concept of "attitude" refers to an individual's evaluative stance or orientation toward a particular object, person, group, idea, or social issue. Attitudes are subjective expressions of favorability or unfavorability, positive or negative feelings, and predispositions that shape individuals' responses and behaviors. Understanding attitudes is essential in sociology as they play a crucial role in shaping social interactions, group dynamics, and societal structures.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Organization
In a social context, an organization refers to a structured entity composed of individuals or groups with defined roles, responsibilities, and goals, working together to achieve specific objectives. Organizations can vary widely in purpose, size, and complexity, ranging from small community groups to multinational corporations, each characterized by formalized structures, processes, and systems of authority.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Partnership
The widespread use of terms such as ‘collaboration’, ‘partnership’, ‘cooperation’, and more recently expressions such as 'co-creation' and 'co-production', has led to debates about the expectations of such relationships and calls for more rigorous clarification and classification of these related concepts, which are sometimes used interchangeably. This entry shares some of the attempts that have been made to define and categorize ‘partnership’. It concludes by suggesting that the broad spectrum of personal and organizational interactions and connections within, between, and across different sectors, domains, disciplines, and contexts makes the quest to delineate and categorize these diverse types of collaborative endeavours a seemingly impossible task.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Affectional Action
Affectional action refers to behavior driven by emotions, sentiments, or personal attachments rather than rational calculations or instrumental goals. It encompasses actions motivated by affection, love, empathy, or other emotional bonds, often leading individuals to prioritize relationships, care, and compassion in their interactions with others, irrespective of utility or self-interest. This concept, elucidated by sociologist Max Weber, highlights the role of emotions in shaping social behavior and relationships within human societies.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Art Galleries in the 8th Arrondissement of Paris
Today in Paris, it is the Marais neighborhood—a sector that started developing in the 1970s but even more in the 1980s and 1990s—that epitomizes the place to be for contemporary art galleries. The implantation of contemporary galleries in Paris clearly results from a historical process that led them from the 8th arrondissement to the Marais, stopping briefly at Saint-Germain-des-Prés (or the 6th arrondissement) mostly for small avant-garde structures.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Multiracial Microaggression Taxonomy
Substantial scholarship elucidates the prevalence of racial microaggressions in everyday interactions. Racial microaggressions are defined as “brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color” . Other scholars highlight how racial microaggressions interact with identity characteristics beyond race. For example, they can be “layered assaults, based on race and its intersections with gender, class, sexuality, language, immigration status, phenotype, accent or surname” . Furthermore, microaggressions are chronic stressors that affect the holistic health of people of color with the potential to trigger the development of psychological and physiological health issues. The literature available on multiracial microaggressions and examines how Black-Asian groups in particular are impacted in detail. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intimate Partner Violence
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) includes “any behavior by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviors”. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Workplace Deviance: A Non-Western Perspective
Deviance is defined as actions that are opposed to generally accepted norms or violate acceptable behaviours within a society. Much of the deviant literature emphasises how the divergence from acceptable standards or behaviour is deviant. However, this begs the question: what happens when an acceptable norm is unethical or ought to be? In response, this entry calls into question the work-chop phenomenon in Nigeria. The work-chop phenomenon supports using dishonest means for personal gain. It is promoted via a repetitive statement that appeals to the listeners’ cognition and sentiments. Its prevalence makes it a norm in some sense, so defining deviance from a Western perspective alone leaves room for this nuanced phenomenon to go unnoticed in the literature. Based on secondary research and normative ethical theories, the authors argue that work-chop is ethical deviance because its means and ends are not mutually beneficial to the parties involved.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Street Gang Intervention
Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. The Good Lives Model was proposed as a framework for street gang intervention.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Open Diary
Open Diary (often abbreviated as "OD") is an online diary community, an early example of social networking software. It was founded on October 22, 1998. Open Diary went offline on February 7, 2014, but was re-launched on January 26, 2018. The site was owned and operated by Bruce Ableson and Susan Ableson, known on the Open Diary website by the title of their diaries, The DiaryMaster and The DiaryMistress. Ableson has described Open Diary as "the first web site that brought online diary writers together into a community." Open Diary has hosted more than five million diaries since it was founded, and was home to over half a million diaries. As of October 2008, there were over 561,000 diaries on OpenDiary.com, including diaries from 77 different countries and all 7 continents. The site innovated some key features that later became central to the architecture of other social networking and blogging sites, including reader comments and friends-only privacy.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Panic Buying
This entry reviews some of the social psychological factors that influence the spread of panic buying. They include social influence and social trust. For a more comprehensive review of the causes of panic buying, refer to creator's publication below [1].
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Sociology of Hope
This paper attempts to clarify some of the aspects and dynamics that appear particularly significant when embarking on a path that can lay the foundation for a broader reflection on the “sociology of hope”. This path will be outlined starting from the development of the concept of hope in the social sciences through an analysis of the existing literature within a specific field of study. It will continue with a systematic synthesis of those sociological studies that have led to a “dialogue” with the concept of hope and that, most often directly or indirectly, have considered hope as a force that mobilizes individuals and social groups to action. The final stage of this path will be reserved for presenting the debate that has opened in recent years around the sociology of hope, both critically and constructively, to provide recommendations for future research that, in line with this perspective, aims to study how to improve the world.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Industrial Sociology
Industrial sociology is a subfield of sociology that examines the relationship between work, industry, and society. It explores how economic production, labor relations, technological advancements, and organizational structures influence social interactions, identity, and class dynamics. Industrial sociology analyzes the changing nature of work, from traditional manufacturing and factory-based labor to service-oriented and knowledge-based economies. It also investigates power structures in the workplace, trade unions, industrial conflict, automation, and globalization.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Effects of Genocide on Youth
The effects of genocide on youth include psychological and demographic effects that affect the transition into adulthood. These effects are also seen in future generations of youth. Demographic effects involve the transfer of children during genocides. In cases of transfer, children are moved or displaced from their homes into boarding schools, adoptive families, or to new countries with or without their families. There are significant shifts in populations in the countries that experience these genocides. Often, children are then stripped of their cultural identity and assimilated into the culture that they have been placed into. Unresolved trauma of genocide affects future generations of youth. Intergenerational effects help explain the background of these children and analyze how these experiences shape their futures. Effects include the atmosphere of the household they grew up in, pressures to succeed or act in specific ways, and how they view the world in which they live. The passing down of narratives and stories are what form present day perceptions of the past. Narratives are what form future generations' ideas of the people who were either victimized or carried out the genocide. As youth of future generations process the stories they hear they create their own perception of it and begin to identify with a specific group in the story. Youth of future generations begin to form their identity through the narratives they hear as they begin to relate to it and see how the genocide affects them. As stories are passed down, children also begin to understand what their parents or grandparents went through. They use narratives as explanation of why their parents talk about it in the way they do or do not talk about it all. Psychological effects of genocide are also relevant in youth. Youth who experience an extreme trauma at an early age are often incapable of fully understanding the event that took place. As this generation of children transition into adulthood, they sort out the event and recognize the psychological effects of the genocide. It is typical for these young survivors to experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as other psychological disorders. Transitioning out of youth and into adulthood is an important development marker in the lives of all people. Youth who transition into adulthood during a genocide have a different experience than those who do not transition during a genocide. Some youth transition earlier as means of survival. Others are unable to fully transition, remaining in a youth state longer.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Norm
Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty. A popular account of norms describes them as reasons to take action, to believe, and to feel.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Society
Society is at an important intersection in dealing with the challenges of climate change, while the natural sciences are insufficient to deal with these challenges. Critical aspects of sociological perspectives related to climate change research are brought together in this review in the hope of fostering greater interdisciplinary collaboration between the natural and social sciences.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urban Land Expansion
At the county level, this entry investigated the relationship between urban land and regional economic development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in China. The interaction effects were quantitatively investigated. The spatial effects decomposition was used to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the scales of urban land through direct effect, spillover effect and total effect. It is an important finding that average wages are the most prominent among the spatial spillovers.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Youth Entrepreneurship Platform Returning to Hometown in China
The construction of business incubator platforms to assist young people who return to their hometowns to launch their own enterprises is urgently needed because youth entrepreneurship is seen as a crucial component of rural revitalization. Based on this, the authors of this study distributed surveys to 468 returning youths in rural startup spaces to gather data, built a structural model, and conducted interviews with 13 entrepreneurial youths to examine the relationship between government policies, services, and the design of rural startup spaces, as well as the self-efficacy of returning entrepreneurial youths and the innovation performance of businesses. The results demonstrate how important government policies are in encouraging youth entrepreneurship in their local communities. It has the potential to enhance both the development of rural crowdsourcing spaces and the self-efficacy of young entrepreneurs, thereby enhancing the innovative capabilities of local entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, in order to encourage economic development in rural areas, the government should improve pertinent support measures, enhance the development of business incubation platforms, and encourage young people moving back to their hometowns to start their own businesses.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Boreout
Boredom boreout syndrome is a psychological disorder that causes physical illness, mainly caused by mental underload at the workplace due to lack of either adequate quantitative or qualitative workload. One reason for boreout could be that the initial job description does not match the actual work. This theory was first expounded in 2007 in Diagnose Boreout, a book by Peter Werder and Philippe Rothlin, two Switzerland business consultants.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Walking and Cycling
Walking and cycling are not only frequently-utilized modes of transport but also a popular component of people’s daily physical activity. As two alternatives to motorized travel modes such as private driving, walking and cycling can effectively reduce transport costs and, at the same time, mitigate traffic congestion induced by the explosion of motorized transport [1]. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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