Encyclopedia
Vitamin D receptor
- genes
1. Normal Function
The VDR gene provides instructions for making a protein called vitamin D receptor (VDR), which allows the body to respond to vitamin D. This vitamin can be acquired from foods in the diet or made in the body with help from sunlight exposure. Vitamin D is involved in maintaining the proper balance of several minerals in the body, including calcium and phosphate, which are essential for the normal formation of bones and teeth. One of vitamin D's major roles is to control the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines into the bloodstream. Vitamin D is also involved in several processes unrelated to bone and tooth formation.
The VDR protein attaches (binds) to the active form of vitamin D, known as calcitriol. This interaction allows VDR to partner with another protein called retinoid X receptor (RXR). The resulting complex then binds to particular regions of DNA, known as vitamin D response elements, and regulates the activity of vitamin D-responsive genes. By turning these genes on or off, the complex helps control calcium and phosphate absorption and other processes.
Although the mechanism is not completely understood, the VDR protein is also involved in hair growth. Studies suggest that this process does not require calcitriol binding.
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1. Vitamin D-dependent rickets
Mutations in the VDR gene cause vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2A (VDDR2A), also known as hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR). This disorder of bone development is characterized by low levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) and phosphate (hypophosphatemia) in the blood, which lead to soft, weak bones (rickets) that are prone to fracture. A common feature of this condition is abnormally curved (bowed) legs.
The VDR gene mutations that cause this condition prevent the VDR protein from functioning properly. Some changes in the VDR gene lead to an abnormally short version of the VDR protein. Others result in the production of an abnormal receptor that cannot bind to calcitriol, to RXR, or to DNA. Although there is plenty of calcitriol in the body, the altered VDR protein cannot stimulate gene activity important for mineral absorption. The lack of calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines slows deposition of these minerals into developing bone (bone mineralization), which leads to soft, weak bones and other features of VDDR2A. Hypocalcemia also causes muscle weakness and seizures in some affected individuals. Most VDR gene mutations impair hair growth, leading to hair loss (alopecia); however, mutations that block VDR's ability to interact with calcitriol do not cause alopecia, indicating that calcitriol is not necessary for the receptor's role in hair development.
2.2. Alopecia areata
2.3. Intervertebral disc disease
2.4. Kidney stones
2.5. Leprosy
3. Other Names for This Gene
- 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor
- NR1I1
- nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 1
- vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor
- vitamin D3 receptor
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/vdr
References
- Feldman D, J Malloy P. Mutations in the vitamin D receptor and hereditaryvitamin D-resistant rickets. Bonekey Rep. 2014 Mar 5;3:510. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2014.5. eCollection 2014. Review. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Malloy PJ, Feldman D. Genetic disorders and defects in vitamin d action.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):333-46, table of contents. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.004. Review. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Malloy PJ, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D receptor mutations in thedevelopment of alopecia. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 5;347(1-2):90-6. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.045. Epub 2011 Jun 13. Review. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Malloy PJ, Tasic V, Taha D, Tütüncüler F, Ying GS, Yin LK, Wang J, Feldman D. Vitamin D receptor mutations in patients with hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD-resistant rickets. Mol Genet Metab. 2014 Jan;111(1):33-40. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.10.014. Epub 2013 Nov 4. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Ryan JW, Anderson PH, Turner AG, Morris HA. Vitamin D activities and metabolicbone disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2013 Oct 21;425:148-52. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.024. Epub 2013 Jul 30. Review. Citation on PubMed
- Tamura M, Ishizawa M, Isojima T, Özen S, Oka A, Makishima M, Kitanaka S.Functional analyses of a novel missense and other mutations of the vitamin Dreceptor in association with alopecia. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 11;7(1):5102. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05081-x. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Tiosano D, Hadad S, Chen Z, Nemirovsky A, Gepstein V, Militianu D, Weisman Y, Abrams SA. Calcium absorption, kinetics, bone density, and bone structure inpatients with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2011 Dec;96(12):3701-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1432. Epub 2011 Sep 14. Citation on PubMed
