1. Introduction

Empowerment dynamics^[1] play a crucial role in enhancing individuals' abilities to manage their personal and professional lives. This concept is especially vital in contexts such as health management for chronic patients and entrepreneurship, particularly in post-crisis environments like the COVID-19 pandemic. Empowerment involves accessing resources, support, and opportunities that help individuals overcome challenges and achieve their goals. It encompasses the processes and factors that enable individuals to exercise control over their personal and professional lives, thereby fostering resilience, innovation, and growth.

1.1 Significance in the Post-COVID-19 Era

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding empowerment dynamics, as it disrupted both health management and entrepreneurial activities. Empowered individuals have been pivotal in driving change and innovation during this period, highlighting the need to examine their roles and the challenges they face^[2][3]. 

1.2 Key Principles and Research Insights

Empowerment principles such as autonomy and resilience guide individuals, including workers, patients, and entrepreneurs, in overcoming obstacles and navigating uncertainty. These principles align with sustainable development goals, aiming to enhance overall well-being and communal benefits.

Recent research emphasizes the interconnectedness of factors shaping empowerment and the necessity of integrated approaches. Developing empowerment processes in digital environments, such as virtual communities, offers new avenues for diversity and innovation.

1.3 Debate on Technological Advancement and Sustainable Development

A fundamental debate exists between advocates of technological advancement and entrepreneurship (developers) and those who emphasize equitable and sustainable development (degrowthers). This entry integrates both perspectives, focusing on empowering individuals and communities to advocate for their needs, which is crucial for reducing inequalities and promoting sustainable development. The Australian Digital Inclusion Index highlights ongoing challenges in digital access, underscoring the need for responsible technology use to bridge the digital divide^[4]. Thus, knowledge becomes a pivotal tool for the responsible use of technology, mitigating its adverse effects^[5] .

1.4 Addressing Research Gaps

Significant research gaps exist in understanding empowerment dynamics. Collaborative efforts in health management, entrepreneurship, and technology are essential for promoting human welfare, inclusive growth, and economic advancement. While existing literature often focuses on entrepreneurship programs for marginalized groups, this study extends to the challenges in sustainable well-being and social innovation beyond environmental conservation.

2. Theoretical Framework

The study emphasizes the integrated essence of empowerment, showcasing how various factors intersect to empower individuals across different domains, such as entrepreneurial ventures and health challenges^[6][7][8][9].

2.1 Empowerment Foundations and Factors

Drawing from multiple disciplines, this theoretical perspective offers a nuanced understanding of empowerment at both individual and collective levels, confirming its interconnected and multifaceted nature^[10].

Foundations establish the groundwork for empowerment, while factors contribute to its realization^[11]. Empowerment characteristics, as observable traits, reflect the outcomes of empowerment and are influenced by the interaction between factors and foundations. For instance, self-efficacy is a foundational element that influences individual empowerment (Bandura 1997), while social support acts as a crucial empowerment factor within a social group^[12].

Empirical research highlights the significance of personal growth, resilience, and community support in fostering individual empowerment^[13]. Furthermore, it underscores the role of empowerment factors and foundations, such as access to resources, social support, and opportunities for advancement, in shaping the context of empowerment^[8]. Autonomy provides the foundation for self-determination by granting individuals the freedom and independence to make decisions aligned with their own values and preferences . Collective action mobilizes community resources to address common challenges, emphasizing equitable resource access and ensuring all community members can effectively participate in development initiatives^[2][14]. Individuals with high self-efficacy confidently pursue their educational goals, make informed decisions, and assert their autonomy, believing in their capacity to acquire knowledge and skills. The components and stages contribute to diversity and innovation within empowered communities, especially in post-crisis recovery contexts^[15][16].

2.2 Empowerment in Personal Health Management and Entrepreneurship

Foundational factors such as self-efficacy and social support are crucial for addressing challenges in personal health management and entrepreneurship. These elements significantly influence individuals’ abilities to navigate health decisions effectively and pursue entrepreneurial ventures with confidence^[6][8]. Moreover, human capital, comprising knowledge, skills, and networks, plays a vital role in this process^[11].

Empowerment promotes autonomy and personal growth, yielding improved health outcomes for patients and driving innovation and socioeconomic progress for entrepreneurs^[17][16]. Investing in empowerment supports holistic well-being and sustainable development, benefiting individuals and communities alike^[18] .

2.3 Core Components and Stages

This approach integrates insights from management sciences and individual empowerment, advocating for interdisciplinary knowledge exchange to enhance personal well-being and foster social innovation. Key stages such as Individual Empowerment, Engagement, Community Development, and Sustainable Practices have been highlighted^[16] aligning with Sustainable Development Goals and emphasizing the importance of strategic, diverse, and collaborative approaches^[19].

The core components represent stages in a developmental process that contribute to the overall progression towards community empowerment and sustainability. They can be considered both core components and stages within the process:

• Individual Empowerment (IE): Focuses on enhancing individual capabilities, fostering autonomy, and control over one’s life.
• Individual Engagement (IEG): Involves active participation and involvement in community initiatives after individuals are empowered.
• Community Development (CD): Represents collective efforts to improve community well-being, infrastructure, and quality of life.
• Sustainable Practices (SP): Involves adopting practices for long-term environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic stability.

Table 2. Empowerment Stages and SDGs

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14080164