The Vitaceae Juss., in the basal lineages of Rosids, contains sixteen genera and 950 species, mainly of tropical lianas. The family has been divided in five tribes: Ampelopsideae, Cisseae, Cayratieae, Parthenocisseae and Viteae. Seed shape is variable in this family and is described based on the comparison of bi-dimensional seed images with geometric models.
Ten morphological types are described in the Vitaceae. Seven of them are general and three specific. Among the general types, three are shared with the Arecaceae and correspond to geometric figures well described (lenses, superellipses and elongated waterdrops). Four additional groups include waterdrops, normal or rounded, heart curves, normal or rounded, elongated heart curves and other elongated curves, respectively. Finally, the three specific types correspond to heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types, heart curves of the Squared Heart Curve (SqHC) type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis, and Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs), frequent in Tetrastigma species and observed also in Cissus species and R. rhomboidea. All these groups are defined by geometric models obtained by the representation of algebraic equations. Modifications in the equations result in models adjusting to the shape of seeds for each species.
L. (75) |
Tribe | Genera |
Species (References for the Images) |
Species (References for the Images) |
---|
I. Ampelopsideae (47) | |
I. Ampelopsideae (15/47) | |
Ampelopsis | Michx. (18)Nekemias Raf. (9) |
Ampelopsis Michx. (13/18) |
Ampelopsis aconitifolia [36], A. arborea [37], A. bodinieri |
Table 3. A summary of groups based on morphological seed types for the analysed species in the Vitaceae. The number of cases found in each group is given between dashes.
Group (Geometric Model) |
Examples |
|
Group I (Lenses)-3- |
Cissus quadrangularis [44], C. sterculiifolia [31], Tetrastigma petraeum [51][36], A. cantoniensis [31,36], A. cordata [38], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. glandulosa [39], A. grossedentata [31], A. humulifolia [36], A. japonica [36], A. megalophylla [31,36] | |
Rhoicissus | Planch. (14) | |
|
||
Group II (Superellipses)-7- | ||
Rhoicissus Planch. (2/14) |
||
Ampelocissus bravoi [42], C. reniformis [31,41], Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], Tetrastigma campylocarpum [51], T. caudatum [51], T. henryi [51] | ||
Rhoicissus | revoilii [31], R. rhomboidea [31] |
|
II. Cisseae | ||
Clematicissus | Planch. (6) | |
(33/300) |
Cissus L. | |
Group III (Elongated water drops)-15- | ||
Ampelopsis arborea [37],(33/300) | ||
Cayratia imerinensis | [47], Cissus aralioides [35,40], C. cornifolia [40], C. erosa [43], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. verticillata [31,41,42,45], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. willardii [42], Cyphostemma junceum [31], V. vulpina [61,62] | |
Cissus antarctica | [31], C. aralioides [35,40], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. campestris [31,41,42], C. cornifolia [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. elongata [40], C. erosa [43], C. floribunda [40], C. fuliginea [31], C. granulosa [31], C. hastata [40], C. hypoglauca [31], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. leucophlea [40], C. penninervis [31], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. quadrangularis [44], C. reniformis [31,41], C. repens [40], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. sterculiifolia [31], C. subtetragona [40], C. trianae [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. verticillata [31,41,42,45], C. willardii [42], |
|
II. Cisseae (300) | Cissus L. (300) | |
III. Cayratieae (40/365) |
||
Group IV (Water drops, normal or rounded)-14- | ||
Causonis Raf. (1/9) |
||
Ampelopsis bodinieri [36], A. glandulosa [36,39], A. humulifolia [36], Cayratia cheniana [46], Cissus campestris [31,41,42], C. fuliginea [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. granulosa [31], Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], Tetrastigma triphyllum [31,51], Vitis amurensis [45,56], V. labrusca [45,54,62] | ||
Causonis sp. | [46] |
|
, V. palmata | [59], | |
III. Cayratieae (368) | Cayratia Juss. (25) | |
V. rupestris | [45] |
|
|
Cayratia Juss. (7/60) |
|
Group V (Heart curves normal or rounded)-19- |
Ampelopsis aconitifolia [36], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. cordata [38], A. japonica [36], Parthenocissus heptaphylla [31], P. heterophylla [36], P. henryana [36], P. himalayana [51,53], P. quinquefolia [54], P. vitacea [31], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], Rhoicissus revoilii [31], T. lanceolarium [30], Vitis cinerea [57], V. flexuosa [54], V. lanatoides [58], V. latisulcata | |
Cayratia cheniana | [46], C. geniculata [31], C. imerinensis [47], C. japonica [31,48], C. oligocarpa [31], C. saponaria [31], C. sp. [African, 46] |
|
Causonis Raf. (30) | ||
|
Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (3/200) |
Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], C. junceum [31] |
Acareosperma Gagnep. (1) | ||
|
Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M.Lu and Z.D.Chen (3/5) |
Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,52] |
Afrocayratia (7) | ||
|
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (26/100) |
Tetrastigma campylocarpum [51], T. cauliflorum [51], T. caudatum [51], T. delavayi [51], T. dichotomum [52], T. formosanum [51], T. harmandi [31], T. hemsleyanum [31,51], T. henryi [51], T. hypoglaucum [51], T. jinghongense [51], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. lanceolarium [30], T. laoticum [51], T. obovatum [51,52], T. obtectum [51,52], T. pachyllylum [51], T. pedunculare [31,51,52], T. petraeum [51], T. retinervum [51], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. serrulatum [51], T. sichouense [51], T. thorsborneorum [51], T. triphyllum [31,51], T. xishuangbannaense [31,51] |
IV. Parthenocisseae (11/16) | ||
Cyphostemma | (Planch.) Alston (200) | |
Parthenocissus Planch. (9/14) |
Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], P. heptaphylla [31], P. henryana [36], P. heterophylla [36], P. himalayana [53], P. laetevirens [36], P. quinquefolia [54], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], P. vitacea [31] |
|
Pseudocayratia J. Wen,L.M.Lu and Z.D. Chen (5) | ||
|
Yua C.L.Li (2/2) |
Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] |
V. Viteae | ||
Tetrastigma | (Miq.) Planch. (100) | |
(32/190) |
Ampelocissus Planch. (13/115) |
Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], A. bombycina [30], A. bravoi [42], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii [30], A. javalensis [30,42], A. latifolia [30], A. macrocirrha [30], A. martinii [42], A. obtusata [30], A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30] |
IV. Parthenocisseae (16) | Parthenocissus Planch. (14) | |
|
Vitis L. (19/75) |
Vitis aestivalis [55], |
Yua C.L.Li (2) | ||
V. Viteae (190) | Ampelocissus Planch. (115) | |
Vitis L. (75) |
Tribe | Genera |
I. Ampelopsideae (47) | Ampelopsis Michx. (18)Nekemias Raf. (9) |
Rhoicissus Planch. (14) | |
Clematicissus Planch. (6) | |
II. Cisseae (300) | Cissus L. (300) |
III. Cayratieae (368) | Cayratia Juss. (25) |
Causonis Raf. (30) | |
Acareosperma Gagnep. (1) | |
Afrocayratia (7) | |
Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (200) | |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen,L.M.Lu and Z.D. Chen (5) | |
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (100) | |
IV. Parthenocisseae (16) | Parthenocissus Planch. (14) |
Yua C.L.Li (2) | |
V. Viteae (190) | Ampelocissus Planch. (115) |
Vitis |
is the largest genus in the family with 300 species of complex classification [8].
is second, with 200 species of an interesting diversity in their range of distribution as well as in growth habits (vines and lianas, herbs, stem succulents and a tree) [9].
has seventy-five inter-fertile wild species distributed in three continents under subtropical, Mediterranean and continental-temperate climatic conditions.
L. is the species with highest economic importance in the family with some taxonomic uncertainty about the differentiation between
L. subsp.
and
L. subsp.
(Willd.) Hegi [10,11]. Thousands of cultivars of
are used worldwide in Viticulture. Species of other genera are widely cultivated, such as
(L.) Planch., the Virginia creeper, in temperate areas, and
Des Moul., the grape ivy, in tropical areas. Species of the genus Tetrastigma are the only host plants for the parasitic plant Rafflesia vinarnoldiifera[7]
R.Br., Rafflesiaceae, which is native only to a few areas within the Malay Archipelago [12].
Tribe (Species Observed/Total) |
Tribe (Species Observed/Total) |
---|
Genera (Species Observed/Total) |
Genera | (Species Observed/Total) |
---|
[58], | |
V. tsoi | |
[31,41], | |
V. wilsoniae | |
[31,41] | |
Group VI (Elongated Heart curves)-6- |
Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], Cissus oligocarpa [31]. V. eolabrusca [54], V. grayensis [58], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. tiliifolia [60] |
Group VII (Other elongated types)-11- |
Ampelopsis megalophylla [31,36], Causonis sp. [46], Cayratia saponaria [31], Cissus trianae [31], C. hypoglauca [31], Parthenocissus laetevirens [36], T. hypoglaucum [51] Vitis aestivalis [55], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] |
Group VIII (Heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types)-7- |
Cayratia japonica [31,48], Cayratia sp. [African, 46], Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,52], Tetrastigma formosanum [51], T. pedunculare [31,51,52] |
Group IX (Heart curves of the SqHC type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis)-15- |
Ampelocissus bombycina [30], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii [30], A. javalensis [30,42], A. latifolia [30], A. macrocirrha [30], A. martinii [42], A. obtusata [30], A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30], Ampelopsis cantoniensis [31,36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. grossedentata [31] |
Group X Elongated Superellipse-heart curves-16- |
Cissus elongata [40], C. penninervis [31], Rhoicissus rhomboidea [31], Tetrastigma hemsleyanum [31,51], T. jinghongense [51], T. laoticum [51], T. cauliflorum [51], T. dichotomum [52], T. harmandi [31], T. pachyllylum [51], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. obovatum [51,52], T. obtectum [51,52], T. retinervum [52], T. serrulatum [51], T. sichouense [51] |
Undefined-18- |
Cayratia geniculata [31], Cissus antarctica [31], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. floribunda [40], C. hastata [40], C. leucophlea [40], C. repens [40], C. subtetragona [40], T. delavayi [51], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. thorsborneorum [51], T. xishuangbannaense [31,51], V. brandoniana [54], V. rostrata [54] |
V. amurensis |
Group (Geometric Model) | Examples |
---|
[45,56], | ||
V. brandoniana | ||
[54], | ||
V. cinerea | ||
[57], | ||
V. eolabrusca | ||
[54], | ||
V. flexuosa | ||
[54], | ||
V. grayensis [ | ||
58], | ||
V. labrusca | ||
[45,54,62], | V. lanatoides [ | 58], V. latisulcata [58], V. palmata [59], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. rostrata [54], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], V. rupestris [45], V. tiliifolia [60], V. tsoi [31,41], V. vulpina [61,62], V. wilsoniae [31,41] |
I. Ampelopsideae (15/47) |
Ampelopsis Michx. | |||
Group I (Lenses)-3- | (13/18) | Cissus quadrangularis [44], C. sterculiifolia [31], Tetrastigma petraeum [52] | Ampelopsis aconitifolia [36], A. arborea [37], A. bodinieri [36], A. cantoniensis [31,36], A. cordata [38], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. glandulosa [39], A. grossedentata [31], A. humulifolia [36], A. japonica [36], A. megalophylla [31,36] | |
Rhoicissus Planch. (2/14) |
||||
Group II (Superellipses)-7- | Ampelocissus bravoi [42], C. reniformis [31,41], Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], Tetrastigma campylocarpum [52], T. caudatum [52], T. henryi [52 | Rhoicissus revoilii [31], R. rhomboidea [31] | ||
] | II. Cisseae (33/300) |
|||
Group III (Elongated water drops)-15- | Cissus L. (33/300) |
Ampelopsis arborea [37], Cayratia imerinensis [47], Cissus aralioides [35,40], C. cornifolia [40], C. erosa [43], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. verticillata [ | Cissus antarctica [31], C. aralioides [35,40], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. floribunda [40], C. fuliginea [31], C. granulosa [31], C. hastata [40], C. hypoglauca [31], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. leucophlea [40], C. penninervis [31], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. quadrangularis [44], C. reniformis [31,41], C. repens [40], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. sterculiifolia [31], C. subtetragona [40], C. trianae [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. verticillata [31,41,42,45], C. willardii [42], | |
31 | ,41,42,45], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. willardii [42], Cyphostemma junceum [31], V. vulpina [59,62] | ], C. campestris [31,41,42], C. cornifolia [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. elongata [40], C. erosa [43 | III. Cayratieae (40/365) |
Causonis |
Group IV (Water drops, normal or rounded)-14- | Raf. (1/9) | Ampelopsis bodinieri [36], A. glandulosa [36,39], A. humulifolia [36], Cayratia cheniana [46], Cissus campestris [31,41,42], C. fuliginea [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. granulosa [31], Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], Tetrastigma triphyllum [31,52], Vitis amurensis [45,56], V. labrusca [45,54,59], V. palmata [60], V. rupestris [45] | Causonis sp. [46] | |
Cayratia Juss. (7/60) |
||||
Group V (Heart curves normal or rounded)-19- | Ampelopsis aconitifolia [36], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. cordata [38], A. japonica [36], Parthenocissus heptaphylla [31], P. heterophylla [36], P. henryana [36], P. himalayana [52,53], P. quinquefolia [54], P. vitacea [31], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], Rhoicissus revoilii [31], T. lanceolarium [30], Vitis cinerea [57], V. flexuosa [54], V. lanatoides [58], V. latisulcata [58], V. tsoi [31,41], V. wilsoniae [31,41] | Cayratia cheniana [46], C. geniculata [31], C. imerinensis [47], C. japonica [31,48], C. oligocarpa [31], C. saponaria [31], C. sp. [African, [46]] | ||
Cyphostemma | ||||
Group VI (Elongated Heart curves)-6- | (Planch.) Alston (3/200) |
Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], Cissus oligocarpa [31]. V. eolabrusca [54], V. grayensis [58], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. tiliifolia [61] | Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], C. junceum [31] | |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M.Lu and Z.D.Chen (3/5) |
Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,51] | |||
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (26/100) |
Tetrastigma campylocarpum [52], T. cauliflorum [52], T. caudatum [52], T. delavayi [52], T. dichotomum [51], T. formosanum [52], T. harmandi [31], T. hemsleyanum [31,52], T. henryi [52], T. hypoglaucum [52], T. jinghongense [52], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. lanceolarium [30], T. laoticum [52], T. obovatum [51 | |||
Group VII (Other elongated types)-11- | Ampelopsis megalophylla [31,36], Causonis sp. [46], Cayratia saponaria [31], Cissus trianae [31], C. hypoglauca [31], Parthenocissus laetevirens [36], T. hypoglaucum [52] Vitis aestivalis [55], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] | |||
Group VIII (Heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types)-7- | Cayratia japonica [31,48], Cayratia sp. [African, [46]], Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,52], Tetrastigma formosanum [51], T. pedunculare [31,51,52] | ,52], T. obtectum [51,52], T. pachyllylum [52], T. pedunculare [31,51,52], T. petraeum [52], T. retinervum [52], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. serrulatum [52], T. sichouense [52], T. thorsborneorum [52], T. triphyllum [31,52], T. xishuangbannaense [31,52] | ||
IV. Parthenocisseae (11/16) |
||||
Group IX (Heart curves of the SqHC type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis)-15- | Parthenocissus Planch. (9/14) |
Ampelocissus bombycina [30], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii [30], A. javalensis [30,42], A. latifolia [30], A. macrocirrha [30], A. martinii [42], A. obtusata [30], A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30], Ampelopsis cantoniensis [31,36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. grossedentata [31] | Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], P. heptaphylla [31], P. henryana [36], P. heterophylla [36], P. himalayana [53], P. laetevirens [36], P. quinquefolia [54], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], P. vitacea [31] | |
Yua C.L.Li (2/2) | ||||
Group X Elongated Superellipse-heart curves-16- | Cissus elongata [40], C. penninervis [31], Rhoicissus rhomboidea [31], Tetrastigma hemsleyanum [31,52], T. jinghongense [52], T. laoticum [52], T. cauliflorum [52], T. dichotomum [51], T. harmandi [31], T. pachyllylum [52], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. obovatum [51,52], | Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] | ||
T. obtectum | [51,52], T. retinervum [51], T. serrulatum [52], T. sichouense [52] | V. Viteae (32/190) |
Ampelocissus Planch. (13/115) |
|
Undefined-18- | Cayratia geniculata [31], Cissus antarctica [31], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. floribunda [40], C. hastata [40], C. leucophlea [40], C. repens [40], C. subtetragona [40], T. delavayi [52], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. thorsborneorum [52], T. xishuangbannaense [31,52], V. brandoniana [54], V. rostrata [54] | Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], A. bombycina [30], A. bravoi [42], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii [30], A. javalensis [30,42], A. latifolia [30], A. macrocirrha [30], A. martinii [42], A. obtusata [30], A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30] | ||
Vitis L. (19/75) |
Vitis aestivalis [55], V. amurensis [45,56], V. brandoniana [54], V. cinerea [57], V. eolabrusca [54], V. flexuosa [54], V. grayensis [58], V. labrusca [45,54,59], V. lanatoides [58], V. latisulcata [58], V. palmata [60], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. rostrata [54], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], V. rupestris [45], V. tiliifolia [61], V. tsoi [31,41], V. vulpina [59,62], V. wilsoniae [31,41] |
Figure 1. A summary of tThe models found for the description and quantification of seed shape in the Vitaceae. G I, G II and G III are lenses, superellipses and elongatedimages of seeds of waterCissus sterculiifolia drops[31], respectively;Tetrastigma petraeum G[51] IV, G V and GCissus quadrangularis VI[44] correspond to water drops, heart curves and elongated heart curves , respectively; G VII contains four models corresponding to other elongated curves; G VIII presents an example of the heart curves of theesemble lenses of Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types; G IX, heart curves oif the Squared Heart Curves (SqHCs) type in Ampelocissus and broadened models of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis, and G X, Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs), frequent in Tetrastigma snt pecies and observed also in Cissus sopecies and R. rhomboidea. Labelled as M7 and M6 are two models used in the description of seeds of grapetions. varieties and as precursors for other models[27][28].
In general, the distribution of morphological types is not in close agreement with the current taxonomic classification; nevertheless, some results may be summarized in this aspect. First, the seeds of the Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs) type (Group X) are more frequent in Tetrastigma and have been observed in Rhoicissus and Cissus, but not in species of other genera. While many seeds in species of Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis share the typical shapes of water drop and heart curves, the squared heart curve (SqHC) type (Group IX) has been predominantly observed in Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis. A number of species remain undefined due to one of these two reasons: First, their irregular seed shape making difficult the identification of an adequate model (Cayratia geniculata, Cissus antarctica) and, second, the seed images have geometric shapes but the identification of the model with the corresponding equation is pending (Tetrastigma delavayi, T. rumicispermum). In addition, further work will be done on the seeds of Vitis species.