The Vitaceae Juss., in the basal lineages of Rosids, contains sixteen genera and 950 species, mainly of tropical lianas. The family has been divided in five tribes: Ampelopsideae, Cisseae, Cayratieae, Parthenocisseae and Viteae. Seed shape is variable in this family and is described based on the comparison of bi-dimensional seed images with geometric models.
Ten morphological types are described in the Vitaceae. Seven of them are general and three specific. Among the general types, three are shared with the Arecaceae and correspond to geometric figures well described (lenses, superellipses and elongated waterdrops). Four additional groups include waterdrops, normal or rounded, heart curves, normal or rounded, elongated heart curves and other elongated curves, respectively. Finally, the three specific types correspond to heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types, heart curves of the Squared Heart Curve (SqHC) type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis, and Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs), frequent in Tetrastigma species and observed also in Cissus species and R. rhomboidea. All these groups are defined by geometric models obtained by the representation of algebraic equations. Modifications in the equations result in models adjusting to the shape of seeds for each species.
Tribe | Genera | |
I. Ampelopsideae (47) | Ampelopsis Michx. (18)Nekemias Raf. (9) | |
Ampelopsis | aconitifolia [36], A. arborea [37], A. bodinieri [36], A. cantoniensis [31,36], A. cordata [38], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. glandulosa [39], A. grossedentata [31], A. humulifolia [36], A. japonica [36], A. megalophylla [31,36] |
|
| ||
Rhoicissus | Planch. (14) | |
Rhoicissus Planch. (2/14) |
Rhoicissus revoilii [31], R. rhomboidea [31] |
|
Clematicissus Planch. (6) | ||
[ | 52] |
Group (Geometric Model) |
||
II. Cisseae (33/300) |
Cissus L. (33/300) |
Cissus antarctica [31], C. aralioides [35,40], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. campestris [31,41,42], C. cornifolia [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. elongata [40], C. erosa [43], C. floribunda [40], C. fuliginea [31], C. granulosa [31], C. hastata [40], C. hypoglauca [31], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. leucophlea [40], C. penninervis [31], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. quadrangularis [44], C. reniformis [31,41], C. repens [40], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. sterculiifolia [31], C. subtetragona [40], C. trianae [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. verticillata [31,41,42,45], C. willardii [42], |
II. Cisseae (300) | ||
III. Cayratieae (40/365) | ||
Cissus | L. (300) | |
Causonis Raf. (1/9) |
Causonis sp. [46] |
|
III. Cayratieae (368) | ||
Examples | ||
Cayratia | Juss. (25) | |
Group I (Lenses)-3- |
||
|
Cayratia Juss. (7/60) |
Cayratia cheniana [46], C. geniculata [31], C. imerinensis [47], C. japonica [31,48], C. oligocarpa [31], C. saponaria [31], C. sp. [African, 46] |
Causonis Raf. (30) | ||
|
Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (3/200) |
Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], C. junceum [31] |
| ||
Acareosperma | Gagnep. (1) | |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M.Lu and Z.D.Chen (3/5) |
Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,52] |
|
Afrocayratia | (7) | |
Cissus quadrangularis [44], C. sterculiifolia [31], Tetrastigma petraeum [51] |
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Group II (Superellipses)-7- |
Ampelocissus bravoi [42], C. reniformis [31,41], Cyphostemma elephantopus [49], C. laza [31], Tetrastigma campylocarpum [51], T. caudatum [51], T. henryi [51] |
|
|
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (26/100) |
Tetrastigma campylocarpum [51], T. cauliflorum [51], T. caudatum [51], T. delavayi [51], T. dichotomum |
Group III (Elongated water drops)-15- |
||
[52], | T. formosanum | [51], T. harmandi [31], T. hemsleyanum [31,51], T. henryi [51], T. hypoglaucum [51], T. jinghongense [51], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. lanceolarium [30], T. laoticum [51], T. obovatum [51,52], T. obtectum [51,52], T. pachyllylum [51], T. pedunculare [31,51,52], T. petraeum [51], T. retinervum [51], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. serrulatum [51], T. sichouense [51], T. thorsborneorum [51], T. triphyllum [31,51], T. xishuangbannaense [31,51] |
Cyphostemma | (Planch.) Alston (200) | |
Ampelopsis arborea | [37],IV. Parthenocisseae | |
(11/16) |
Parthenocissus Planch. (9/14) |
Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], P. heptaphylla [31], P. henryana [36], P. heterophylla [36], P. himalayana [53], P. laetevirens [36], P. quinquefolia [54], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], P. vitacea [31] |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen,L.M.Lu and Z.D. Chen (5) | ||
|
Yua C.L.Li (2/2) |
Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] |
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (100) | ||
V. Viteae (32/190) |
Ampelocissus Planch. (13/115) |
Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], A. bombycina [30], A. bravoi [42], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii |
IV. Parthenocisseae (16) | Parthenocissus Planch. (14) | |
Yua C.L.Li (2) | ||
V. Viteae (190) | Ampelocissus Planch. (115) | |
Vitis L. (75) |
[30], | ||
A. javalensis | ||
[30,42], | ||
A. latifolia | ||
[30], | ||
A. macrocirrha | ||
[30], | ||
A. | ||
| ||
martinii | ||
[42], | ||
A. obtusata | [30], | A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30] |
|
Vitis L. (19/75) |
Vitis aestivalis [55], V. amurensis [45,56], V. brandoniana [54], V. cinerea [57], V. eolabrusca [54], V. flexuosa [54], V. grayensis [58], V. labrusca [45,54,62], V. lanatoides [58], V. latisulcata [58], V. palmata [59], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. rostrata [54], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], V. rupestris [45], V. tiliifolia [60], V. tsoi [31,41], V. vulpina [61,62], V. wilsoniae [31,41] |
I. Ampelopsideae (15/47) |
Ampelopsis Michx. (13/18) |
Ampelopsis aconitifolia [33], A. arborea [34], A. bodinieri [33], A. cantoniensis [35][33], A. cordata [ |
Table 3. A summary of groups based on morphological seed types for the analysed species in the Vitaceae. The number of cases found in each group is given between dashes.
Group (Geometric Model) | Examples | ||
---|---|---|---|
Group I (Lenses)-3- | Cissus quadrangularis [42], C. sterculiifolia [35], Tetrastigma petraeum [50]36] | , A. chaffanjoni [33], A. delavayana [35], A. denudata [29], A. glandulosa [37], A. grossedentata [35], A. humulifolia [33], A. japonica [33], A. megalophylla [35][33] | |
Rhoicissus Planch. | |||
Group II (Superellipses)-7- | (2/14) | Ampelocissus bravoi [40], C. reniformis [35][39], Cyphostemma elephantopus [47], C. laza [35], Tetrastigma campylocarpum [50], T. caudatum [50], | Rhoicissus revoilii [35], R. rhomboidea [35] |
T. henryi | [50] | II. Cisseae (33/300) |
Cissus L. (33/300) |
Group III (Elongated water drops)-15- | Ampelopsis arborea [34], Cayratia imerinensis [45], Cissus aralioides [32][38], C. cornifolia [38], C. erosa [41], C. integrifolia [38][40], C. petiolata [38], C. pileata [38], C. populnea [38], C. verticillata [35][39][40][43], C. sciaphila [38], C. smithiana [38], C. willardii [40], Cyphostemma junceum [35], V. vulpina [57][60] | Cissus antarctica [35], C. aralioides [32][38], C. barbeyana [38], C. bosseri [38], C. cactiformis [38], C. campestris [35][39][40], C. cornifolia [38], C. descoingsii, [35][39], C. diffusiflora [38], C. elongata [38], C. erosa [41], C. floribunda [38], C. fuliginea [35], C. granulosa [35], C. hastata [38], C. hypoglauca [35], C. integrifolia [38][40], C. leucophlea [38], C. penninervis [35], C. petiolata [38], C. pileata [38], C. populnea [38], C. quadrangularis [42], C. reniformis [35][39], C. repens [38], C. sciaphila [38], C. smithiana [38], C. sterculiifolia [35], C. subtetragona [38], C. trianae [35], C. tuberosa [40], C. verticillata [35][39][40][43], C. willardii [40], | |
III. Cayratieae (40/365) |
Causonis Raf. (1/9) | Causonis sp. [44] | |
Cayratia Juss. (7/60) |
Cayratia cheniana [44], C. geniculata [35], C. imerinensis [45], C. japonica [35][46], C. oligocarpa [35], C. saponaria [35], C. sp. [African, [44 |
Tribe | Genera |
I. Ampelopsideae (47) | Ampelopsis Michx. (18)Nekemias Raf. (9) |
Rhoicissus Planch. (14) | |
Clematicissus Planch. (6) | |
II. Cisseae (300) | Cissus L. (300) |
III. Cayratieae (368) | Cayratia Juss. (25) |
Causonis Raf. (30) | |
Acareosperma Gagnep. (1) | |
Afrocayratia (7) | |
Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (200) | |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen,L.M.Lu and Z.D. Chen (5) | |
Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (100) | |
IV. Parthenocisseae (16) | Parthenocissus Planch. (14) |
Yua C.L.Li (2) | |
V. Viteae (190) | Ampelocissus Planch. (115) |
Cissus is the largest genus in the family with 300 species of complex classification
Cyphostemma is second, with 200 species of an interesting diversity in their range of distribution as well as in growth habits (vines and lianas, herbs, stem succulents and a tree)
Vitis
Vitis vinifera
V. vinifera
vinifera
V. vinifera
sylvestris (Willd.) Hegi
V. vinifera
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Cissus incisa Des Moul., the grape ivy, in tropical areas. Species of the genus Te
are the only host plants for the parasitic plant Ra vinifflesia rarnoldii R.Br., Rafflesiaceae, which is native only to a few areas within the Malay Archipelago [127]
Tribe (Species Observed/Total) |
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Tribe (Species Observed/Total) |
Genera | (Species Observed/Total) |
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Genera (Species Observed/Total) |
Species (References for the Images) |
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Species (References for the Images) |
Cayratia imerinensis | |
[47], | |
Cissus aralioides | |
[35,40], | C. cornifolia [40], C. erosa [43], C. integrifolia [40,42], C. petiolata [40], C. pileata [40], C. populnea [40], C. verticillata [31,41,42,45], C. sciaphila [40], C. smithiana [40], C. willardii [42], Cyphostemma junceum [31], V. vulpina [61,62] |
Group IV (Water drops, normal or rounded)-14- |
Ampelopsis bodinieri [36], A. glandulosa [36,39], A. humulifolia [36], Cayratia cheniana [46], Cissus campestris [31,41,42], C. fuliginea [31], C. tuberosa [42], C. granulosa [31], Parthenocissus dalzielii [36], Tetrastigma triphyllum [31,51], Vitis amurensis [45,56], V. labrusca [45,54,62], V. palmata [59], V. rupestris [45] |
Group V (Heart curves normal or rounded)-19- |
Ampelopsis aconitifolia [36], A. chaffanjoni [36], A. cordata [38], A. japonica [36], Parthenocissus heptaphylla [31], P. heterophylla [36], P. henryana [36], P. himalayana [51,53], P. quinquefolia [54], P. vitacea [31], P. tricuspidata [36,37,45], Rhoicissus revoilii [31], T. lanceolarium [30], Vitis cinerea [57], V. flexuosa [54], V. lanatoides [58], V. latisulcata [58], V. tsoi [31,41], V. wilsoniae [31,41] |
Group VI (Elongated Heart curves)-6- |
Ampelocissus acapulcensis [30], Cissus oligocarpa [31]. V. eolabrusca [54], V. grayensis [58], V. pseudorotundifolia [54], V. tiliifolia [60] |
Group VII (Other elongated types)-11- |
Ampelopsis megalophylla [31,36], Causonis sp. [46], Cayratia saponaria [31], Cissus trianae [31], C. hypoglauca [31], Parthenocissus laetevirens [36], T. hypoglaucum [51] Vitis aestivalis [55], V. rotundifolia [31,41,54], Yua austro-orientalis [31], Y. chinensis [31] |
Group VIII (Heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types)-7- |
Cayratia japonica [31,48], Cayratia sp. [African, 46], Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [50], P. pengiana [50], P. speciosa [50,52], Tetrastigma formosanum [51], T. pedunculare [31,51,52] |
Group IX (Heart curves of the SqHC type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis)-15- |
Ampelocissus bombycina [30], A. cavicaulis [30], A. erdvendbergiana [30], A. grantii [30], A. javalensis [30,42], A. latifolia [30], A. macrocirrha [30], A. martinii [42], A. obtusata [30], A. ochracea [30], A. robinsonii [30], Ampelopsis cantoniensis [31,36], A. delavayana [31], A. denudata [30], A. grossedentata [31] |
Group X Elongated Superellipse-heart curves-16- |
Cissus elongata [40], C. penninervis [31], Rhoicissus rhomboidea [31], Tetrastigma hemsleyanum [31,51], T. jinghongense [51], T. laoticum [51], T. cauliflorum [51], T. dichotomum [52], T. harmandi [31], T. pachyllylum [51], T. kwangsiense [30,31], T. obovatum [51,52], T. obtectum [51,52], T. retinervum [52], T. serrulatum [51], T. sichouense [51] |
Undefined-18- |
Cayratia geniculata [31], Cissus antarctica [31], C. barbeyana [40], C. bosseri [40], C. cactiformis [40], C. descoingsii, [31,41], C. diffusiflora [40], C. floribunda [40], C. hastata [40], C. leucophlea [40], C. repens [40], C. subtetragona [40], T. delavayi [51], T. rumicispermum [31,51,52], T. thorsborneorum [51], T. xishuangbannaense [31,51], V. brandoniana [54], V. rostrata [54] |
Group IV (Water drops, normal or rounded)-14- | |||
Ampelopsis bodinieri | [33], A. glandulosa [33][37], A. humulifolia [33], Cayratia cheniana [44], Cissus campestris [35][39][40], C. fuliginea [35], C. tuberosa [40], C. granulosa [35], Parthenocissus dalzielii [33], Tetrastigma triphyllum [35][50], Vitis amurensis [43][54], V. labrusca [43][52][57], V. palmata [58], V. rupestris [43] | ||
Group V (Heart curves normal or rounded)-19- | Ampelopsis aconitifolia [33], A. chaffanjoni [33], A. cordata [36], A. japonica [33], Parthenocissus heptaphylla [35], P. heterophylla [33], P. henryana [33], P. himalayana [] | ] | |
50 | ][51], P. quinquefolia [52], P. vitacea [35], P. tricuspidata [33][34][43], Rhoicissus revoilii [35], T. lanceolarium [29], Vitis cinerea [55], V. flexuosa [52], V. lanatoides [56], V. latisulcata [56], V. tsoi [35][39], V. wilsoniae [35][39] | Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (3/200) |
|
Group VI (Elongated Heart curves)-6- | Ampelocissus acapulcensis [29], Cissus oligocarpa [35]. V. eolabrusca [52], V. grayensis [56], V. pseudorotundifolia [52], V. tiliifolia [59] | Cyphostemma elephantopus [47], C. laza [35], C. junceum [35] | |
Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M.Lu and Z.D.Chen | |||
Group VII (Other elongated types)-11- | (3/5) |
Ampelopsis megalophylla [35][33], Causonis sp. [44], Cayratia saponaria [35], Cissus trianae [35], C. hypoglauca [35], Parthenocissus laetevirens [33], T. hypoglaucum [50] Vitis aestivalis [53], V. rotundifolia [35][39][52], Yua austro-orientalis [35], Y. chinensis [35] | Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [48], P. pengiana [48], P. speciosa [48][49] |
Tetrastigma | |||
Group VIII (Heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types)-7- | (Miq.) Planch. (26/100) |
Cayratia japonica [35][46], Cayratia sp. [African, [44]], Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa [48], P. pengiana [48], P. speciosa [48][50], Tetrastigma formosanum [49], T. pedunculare [35][49][50] | Tetrastigma campylocarpum [50], T. cauliflorum [50], T. caudatum [50], T. delavayi [50], T. dichotomum [49], T. formosanum [50], T. harmandi [35], T. hemsleyanum [35][50], T. henryi [50], T. hypoglaucum [50], T. jinghongense [50], T. kwangsiense [29][35], T. lanceolarium [29], T. laoticum [50], T. obovatum [49][50], T. obtectum [49][50], T. pachyllylum [50], T. pedunculare [35][49][50], T. petraeum [50], T. retinervum [50], T. rumicispermum [35][49][50], T. serrulatum [50], T. sichouense [50], T. thorsborneorum [50], T. triphyllum [35][50], T. xishuangbannaense [35][50] |
IV. Parthenocisseae (11/16) |
|||
Group IX (Heart curves of the SqHC type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis)-15- | Parthenocissus Planch. (9/14) |
Ampelocissus bombycina [29], A. cavicaulis [29], A. erdvendbergiana [29], A. grantii [29], A. javalensis [29][40], A. latifolia [29], A. macrocirrha [29], A. martinii [40], A. obtusata [29], A. ochracea [29], A. robinsonii [29], Ampelopsis cantoniensis [35][33], A. delavayana [35], A. denudata [29], A. grossedentata [35] | Parthenocissus dalzielii [33], P. heptaphylla [35], P. henryana [33], P. heterophylla [33], P. himalayana [51], P. laetevirens [33], P. quinquefolia [52], P. tricuspidata [33][34][43], P. vitacea [35] |
Yua C.L.Li (2/2) | |||
Group X Elongated Superellipse-heart curves-16- | Cissus elongata [38], C. penninervis [35], Rhoicissus rhomboidea [35], Tetrastigma hemsleyanum [35][50], T. jinghongense [50], T. laoticum [50], T. cauliflorum [50], T. dichotomum [49], T. harmandi [35], T. pachyllylum [50], T. kwangsiense [29][35] | Yua austro-orientalis [35], Y. chinensis [35] | |
, | T. obovatum [49][50], T. obtectum [49][50], T. retinervum [49], T. serrulatum [50], T. sichouense [50] | V. Viteae (32/190) |
Ampelocissus Planch. (13/115) |
Undefined-18- | Cayratia geniculata [35], Cissus antarctica [35], C. barbeyana [38], C. bosseri [38], C. cactiformis [38], C. descoingsii, [35][39], C. diffusiflora [38], C. floribunda [38], C. hastata [38], C. leucophlea [38], C. repens [38], C. subtetragona [38], T. delavayi [50], T. rumicispermum [35][49][50], T. thorsborneorum [50], T. xishuangbannaense [35][50], V. brandoniana [52], V. rostrata | Ampelocissus acapulcensis [29], A. bombycina [29], A. bravoi [40], A. cavicaulis [29], A. erdvendbergiana [29], A. grantii [29], A. javalensis [29][40], A. latifolia [29], A. macrocirrha [29], A. martinii [40], A. obtusata [29], A. ochracea [29], A. robinsonii [29] | |
Vitis L. (19/75) |
Vitis aestivalis [53], V. amurensis [43][54], V. brandoniana [52], V. cinerea [55], V. eolabrusca [52], V. flexuosa [52], V. grayensis [56], V. labrusca [43][52][57], V. lanatoides [56], V. latisulcata [56], V. palmata [58], V. pseudorotundifolia [52], V. rostrata [52], V. rotundifolia [35][39][52], V. rupestris [43], V. tiliifolia [59], V. tsoi [35][39], V. vulpina [57][60], V. wilsoniae |
Figure 1. A Tsummary of the models found for the description and quantification of seed she images of seeds ofape in the Vitaceae. G I, G II and G III are lenses, superellipses and elongated water drops, respectively; G IV, G V and G VI correspond to Cissus sterculiifoliawater [35]drops, Tetrastigma petraeumheart [49]curves and Cissus quadrangulariselongated heart curves [42], respemble lenses ofctively; G VII contains four models corresponding to other elongated curves; G VIII presents an example of the heart curves of the Cayratia and Pseudocayratia types; G IX, heart curves of the Squared Heart Curves (SqHCs) type in Ampelocissus and broadened models of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis, and G X, Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs), frerent quent in Tetrastigma species and obseroved also in Cissus species and R. rhomboidea. Labelled as M7 and M6 are two models used in the descrtionsiption of seeds of grape varieties and as precursors for other models[27][28].
In general, the distribution of morphological types is not in close agreement with the current taxonomic classification; nevertheless, some results may be summarized in this aspect. First, the seeds of the Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs) type (Group X) are more frequent in Tetrastigma and have been observed in Rhoicissus and Cissus, but not in species of other genera. While many seeds in species of Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis share the typical shapes of water drop and heart curves, the squared heart curve (SqHC) type (Group IX) has been predominantly observed in Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis. A number of species remain undefined due to one of these two reasons: First, their irregular seed shape making difficult the identification of an adequate model (Cayratia geniculata, Cissus antarctica) and, second, the seed images have geometric shapes but the identification of the model with the corresponding equation is pending (Tetrastigma delavayi, T. rumicispermum). In addition, further work will be done on the seeds of Vitis species.