1. Introduction

Good communication is fundamental to scientific research. With over 20 years’ experience in publishing and research communication, MDPI understands how crucial good writing is. For this reason, we have held the annual MDPI Writing Prize since 2018. It aims to promote clear, high-quality prose that powerfully communicates key scientific concepts.

2. About the Organizer

MDPI (www.mdpi.com) is a publisher of over 200 scholarly open access journals covering all disciplines. It also offers author services, including English editing, to academic authors (https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english). MDPI aims to support the rapid communication of the latest research through journals, conferences, and other services to the research community.

3. Target User

The competition is open to non-native English speakers who are Ph.D. students or postdoctoral fellows at a research institute.

4. About Awards

Essays of up to 1000 words are invited on the following topic:

“My work and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals”

1^st prize (one winner): 500 CHF and certificate

2^nd prizes (two winners): 250 CHF and certificate

3^rd prizes (three winners): 100 CHF and certificate

Submissions should be made via email to englishediting@mdpi.com with the subject line “MDPI writing prize 2020”. Entries will be judged by the MDPI English Editing Department and evaluated on grammar and spelling, content and overall presentation.

5. Winning Prize

Entries for MDPI writing prize 2020 will be listed below.

5.1.  From Local to a Universal Commitment to Achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Author: Diogo Guedes Vidal

Affiliation: UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal

Once I start doing research I knew that the main goal was to make things done better. As a young environmental and health sociologist, believing in a more balanced and fair world, the motivation that triggered the passion for research has started since I contacted with the 2030 Agenda [1]. This ambitious and truly inspiring document contains the most powerful message: no one lefts behind. This mote has been, since them, side by side with my research goals and targets. Working in the field of environmental and health justice, namely in the urban green spaces fairly provision across all social groups, independently of their socioeconomic, cultural and ethnic background, is a small step to contribute to the UN 2030 Agenda. More than never, in a world experiencing socioenvironmental challenges, that gain more expression in urban spaces, urban green spaces research should be more intense and based on transdisciplinary approaches. The classic methods and techniques no longer make sense, once the potential to analyse the complex interaction between ecological and social systems is reduced. It is time to develop innovative approaches, to combine different perspectives and methods to be able to pursue this ambitious agenda that represents a global commitment towards a more fair and sustainable world. Urban green spaces are an essential part of SDG 11 [2], thus it is necessary to deeply understand what users feel, believe and expect from these spaces. The current scientific evidence states that these spaces are not fairly distributed within the cities: disadvantage communities are more likely to have less access to urban green spaces with quality than the wealthier ones [3,4]. This is a clear example of an environmental injustice issue that compromises the physical and mental health of these communities, and that does not lead the opportunity to promote social cohesion and empowered public open spaces [5–7]. Within this background, my research aims to contribute to a deep understanding of these dynamics, namely in the city of Porto, a coastal city in the north of Portugal. Many studies have assessed the ecosystem services potential in the urban green spaces of the city, and the conclusions are clear: urban green spaces ecosystem service potential differs from the city area and this relation is mediated by the socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability variables [4,8–10]. These results are extremely important to highlight this complex issue, but something is missing in these approaches, and that is the peoples’ voice. My work aims to fill this gap, to contribute with people perception about the urban green spaces that they visit, about its preferences, motivations and expectations. Science should be made to improve people life and in this case, urban green spaces interventions should fulfil the users, and potential users, expectations. Alongside, this research applies an innovative technique called behavioural mapping [11]. Behavioural mapping joins direct observation and practices mapping, which is a powerful combination to identify patterns of peoples habits, practices and behaviours concerning space. This small contribution from a local city in a small country of the western part of Europe intends to be a “puzzle piece” towards global commitment that we all have been called to assume. At the present, the well know saying “Thing global, acting local” is more comprehensive than never. Small actions can make big things and this should be the mindset. The United Sustainable Development Goals are more than just a vague and political document. It is undeniable that this agenda has changed the way we do science, the way that we publish and write, and, more importantly, the way that we think.

References

1. United Nations Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, A/RES/70/1; Geneva, 2015.
2. Vidal, D.G.; Barros, N.; Maia, R.L. Public and Green Spaces in the Context of Sustainable Development. In Sustainable Cities and Communities, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals; Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P.G., Wall, T., Eds.; Springer Nature Switzerland AG: Cham, 2020; pp. 1–9 ISBN 978-3-319-95718-0.
3. Hoffimann, E.; Barros, H.; Ribeiro, A.I. Socioeconomic inequalities in green space quality and Accessibility—Evidence from a Southern European city. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, doi:10.3390/ijerph14080916.
4. Vidal, D.G.; Fernandes, C.O.; Viterbo, L.M.F.V.; Vilaça, H.; Barros, N.; Maia, R.L. Combining an Evaluation Grid Application to Assess Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces and a Socioeconomic Spatial Analysis. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 2020, 1–13, doi:10.1080/13504509.2020.1808108.
5. Moran, M.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Hercky-Linnewiel, R.; Cerin, E.; Deforche, B.; Plaut, P. Understanding the relationships between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2014, 11, 79, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-79.
6. Jennings, V.; Bamkole, O. The Relationship between Social Cohesion and Urban Green Space: An Avenue for Health Promotion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16030452.
7. Gao, T.; Zhang, T.; Zhu, L.; Gao, Y.; Qiu, L. Exploring Psychophysiological Restoration and Individual Preference in the Different Environments Based on Virtual Reality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16173102.
8. Graça, M.; Alves, P.; Gonçalves, J.; Nowak, D.J.; Hoehn, R.; Farinha-Marques, P.; Cunha, M. Assessing how green space types affect ecosystem services delivery in Porto, Portugal. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018, 170, 195–208, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.10.007.
9. Vieira, J.; Matos, P.; Mexia, T.; Silva, P.; Lopes, N.; Freitas, C.; Correia, O.; Santos-Reis, M.; Branquinho, C.; Pinho, P. Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services: The case of urban parks. Environ. Res. 2018, 160, 306–313, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.006.
10. Vidal, D.G.; Fernandes, C.O.; Viterbo, L.M.F.; Barros, N.; Maia, R.L. Healthy Cities to Healthy People: a Grid Application to Assess the Potential of Ecosystems Services of Public Urban Green Spaces in Porto, Portugal. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 30, ckaa040.050, doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa040.050.
11. Ng, C.F. Behavioral mapping and tracking. In Research Methods for Environmental Psychology; Gifford, R., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Nova Jersey, 2015; pp. 29–51 ISBN 9781119162124.

5.2.  Microinsurance Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Author: José Miguel Flores Contro

Microinsurance is a type of insurance that is focused on protecting low-income people against specific risks in exchange for paying a premium that is calculated according to the likelihood and cost of the insured risk. This essay explains how microinsurance could be helpful in reaching some of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

How Can Microinsurance Help Attain United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals?

The Role of Microinsurance in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

On September 25 2015, the United Nations (UN) published the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development whose main purpose is to give an action plan for people, planet and prosperity. Moreover, it seeks to build societies which are free from fear and violence by promoting a culture of peace [1] . The Agenda was built on eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which comprise a development framework that was established by world leaders at the beginning of the new millennium [2]. By recognizing the MDGs were not fully achieved, the Agenda presents a new set of seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets that replace the MDGs [3]. Figure 1 shows the transition from the original MDGs to the new SDGs.

Figure 1: Transition from the original MDGs to the new SDGs. Obtained from [3] and [4].

As a second year Ph.D. student at the University of Lausanne in the Department of Actuarial Science (DSA), my research work is mainly focused on microinsurance (also known as inclusive insurance).

There have been multiple attempts to find the most suitable definition for microinsurance. For instance, [5] presents a detailed list with different definitions. In general, we could say that microinsurance is a type of insurance that is focused on protecting low-income people against specific risks in exchange for paying a premium that is calculated according to the likelihood and cost of the insured risk. At first sight, it might be hard to find the differences between microinsurance and traditional insurance. However, once you get more involved in the study of these fields, it is easy to come up with many dissimilarities between the two. In my opinion, even though both sectors work under the same principles, they need to be studied separately. The fundamental basis of microinsurance lies in the fact that its target market are low-income populations. Consequently, theories of traditional insurance may not apply. For example, nowadays people are used to paying high premiums for protecting themselves against specific risks. Indeed, how many of us have paid a huge amount of money for some type of insurance? I would bet that most of us have. Expecting customers to pay high premiums for a microinsurance product is inadequate. Certainly, not only could charging high premiums lead to the failure of a microinsurance product but there are many other factors to be considered. In particular, some researchers have studied the main factors affecting microinsurance demand [6] . Table 1 gives a brief overview of the sign of determination (positive or negative relationship) of these factors with microinsurance take-up. 

References

Table 1: Determinants of microinsurance demand [6]. The most common sign of determination is shown.

It is challenging to determine an appropriate design for a microinsurance product since it needs to fit some of the target population's characteristics including religious beliefs, level of education and risk exposure, among others. It is not yet clear which approach to use in the design and introduction of a new microinsurance product in a particular territory. Hence, further investigation needs to be done. In fact, some researchers have even questioned whether microinsurance overall is a helpful safety net for low-income populations [7]. Despite these statements, while it may appear redundant, I am convinced that a well designed microinsurance product is assured of a great future.

So far we have only defined microinsurance and discussed some of the challenges this sector might encounter. The question lies in how this "special" type of insurance could help achieving the SDGs. In fact, there is not a clear answer for this question. However, there have been several studies that have attempted to provide an answer. For instance, two examples are [3] and [8]. Figure 2 displays microinsurance as a primary and secondary factor in reaching eleven of the SDGs. 

Figure 2: Microinsurance as a primary (solid) and secondary (dashed) contributor to the SDGs.

Some of the links shown in Figure 2 are easy to guess. For example, microinsurance works as a shock absorber against risks and therefore minimizes the losses a family might face due to the occurrence of an unfortunate event, protecting them from falling below the poverty line. Thus, it is clear how microinsurance helps in the reduction of poverty (SDG 1). In addition, this example also illustrates how this type of insurance could also be helpful in eradicating hunger (SDG 2) since a microinsurance coverage stabilizes households' income and consequently improves food security. On the other hand, some other links might be hard to determine. For instance, one might wonder how microinsurance can help improve the quality of education (SDG 4). Actually, it could be a key factor in reaching this goal. For example, let's consider the unfortunate event in which the breadwinner of a family dies. In this scenario, one can assume that a plausible solution  would be to overcome the economic difficulties resulting from this event by reducing the family's expenses related to child education. Consequently, in most of the cases, the quality of education is also reduced. A life microinsurance policy for the breadwinner could have prevented this. Just as for these three SDGs, we could also find the primary or secondary link between microinsurance and the other SDGs shown in Figure 2.

The main goal of this essay is to give a brief introduction to the concept of microinsurance and to explain how it could be helpful in reaching some of the SDGs. Furthermore, we have discussed some of the main challenges this industry might encounter and highlighted the fact that there is still more to be done in order to build successful microinsurance schemes. I feel privileged to be part of the research on the microinsurance industry. I look forward to completing my studies as a Ph.D. student so that I can be part of the successful implementation of microinsurance schemes which will achieve the attainment of the SDGs.  

1. United Nations. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. United Nations 35 (2015).
2. United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report. United Nations 72 (2015).
3. Wanczeck, S., McCord, M., Wiedmaier-Pfister, M. & Biese, K. Inclusive Insurance and the Sustainable Development Goals: How Insurance Contributes to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Giz, 2017).
4. United Nations Millennium Development Goals. https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml. Accessed: 2020-08-03.
5. Blacker, J. Actuaries in Microinsurance: Managing Risk for the Underserved (Actex Publications, 2015).
6. Eling, M., Pradhan, S. & Schmit, J. T. The determinants of microinsurance demand. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 39, 224–263 (2014).
7. Kovacevic, R. M. & Pflug, G. C. Does insurance help to escape the poverty trap?—A Ruin Theoretic Approach. The Journal of Risk and Insurance 78, 1003–1027 (2011).
8. Gonzalez-Pelaez, A. Mutual microinsurance and the Sustainable Development Goals (University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL), 2019).

5.3. AMR and Sustainable Development Goals

Author: Márió Gajdács

Keywords: antibiotic resistance; sustainable development goals; SDG; AMR

5.4. Minding the gap

Minding the gap in times of a pandemic

Author: Joris Van Doorsselaere

Purposeless, irrelevant, uninspired, isolated … Just some of the thoughts and words that went through my mind during the past month. Inspiration seems to be in lockdown as well. What a moment to start a new research project.

September began quite all right. The transition from a full-time history teacher to one with a half-time engagement went well. In October, a new exciting challenge awaited at Ghent University, to conduct practice-based research on heritage education. However, by the end of the month, the pandemic crisis hit Belgium hard again. Infections were rising, and the hospitals gradually became overcrowded. Luckily, the schools stayed open, and my colleagues and pupils provided sufficient social interaction.

Nevertheless, the University switched to code red. Working from home on my research was required, alternated with some social contact at school. Unfortunately, infections kept climbing. By the end of October, the government decided to close down the schools entirely for the first two weeks of November, followed by distance learning until further notice. Social contact was limited once again. So, the virus took away the opportunity to meet my new colleagues in person. The feeling of total confinement during March and April, while I was investigating intangible cultural heritage at the Free University of Brussels, slowly came back. A perspective on rebooting schools and universities remains unclear. Most likely in February, according to a fairly straightforward statement.

When reading on heritage education, I stumbled upon the special issue of Sustainability. My mind digressed, and I found myself clicking a page about an English Writing Prize. Maybe this helps to write away discouragement? Anything that can pass for a comfortable alternative to formal academic writing. Luckily, linking my work on heritage education to the Sustainable Development Goals doesn’t pose much of a challenge. Making it interesting maybe will.

I have been working as a secondary school teacher for almost ten years now. However, to be honest, the sustainable development goals, which came into effect in January 2016, were relatively unknown to me during recent years. The United Nations developed seventeen global goals and divided them into 169 targets. Even the ambitions for education were captured in a specific plan. But it must have been in September 2019, when I was outlining my research design on the 2003 UNESCO Convention on the Safeguarding for Intangible Heritage in Flanders, when I first heard of Agenda 2030. Rather shameful for a school teacher who considers himself to be usually well-informed on upcoming educational matters. How could I miss the launch of this global and ambitious framework, which appears to be relevant to me professionally? Or was something else to blame?

Over the course of the last months, Agenda 2030 slowly became more transparent. Nevertheless, I gradually realized there might be a problem with the framework itself. As a secondary school teacher active as a researcher on the SDGs and its relation to heritage education, I never felt truly connected with the mixture of goals and targets. When investigating them, they appeared to be very distant and unrealistic to me. Although culture was conceived as a driver and enabler of sustainable development, much of this mostly remains on paper. The presence of heritage aspects, or culture in general, is minimal. And as a teacher, the goals and targets feel like they are continually floating above my head but never seem to land. The implementation lags behind. With roughly ten years to go, world leaders at the SDG summit in 2019 called for a Decade of Action.

To join in on this action, I can say my research design would fit right into it. In an attempt to close the gap between theory and classroom practice in the field of heritage and history education, I set up a participatory action research project. The main aim is to investigate didactic tools that came about in an academic context and see how they would function in a real-life secondary school setting. Learning about heritage not only happens in formal learning situations. In most cases, it depends on the local environment. Therefore, I hope to develop ways to establish sustainable connections between schools and the local context in which they are embedded. In the case of heritage education, formal and informal partners are essential in achieving common goals. In this way, the last sustainable development goal on partnership proves to be the most relevant for my research.

To end on a positive note during this pandemic, I want to share something else I just recently found out. When I was walking in the hallway of the secondary school a few months ago, I noticed a banner for the first time. It mentioned the UNESCO concept of Lifelong Learning, contained in a word cloud. It has been there the whole time, but it recently drew my attention due to my research on the 2003 UNESCO Convention. The concept has come a long way since 1972, when it first appeared in the thoughts and texts of UNESCO. Over the course of the past decades, the international concept made its way into SDG 4, but apparently down to the lowest levels on various banners as well. Does this mean that Lifelong Learning also reached the minds of pupils, students, parents, and teachers in Flanders? Maybe this could be the premise of a new research project on its implementation? For now, I wanted to show that gaps between theory and practice can grow closer; they just need some time and belief.

A banner on the SDGs is not yet present in the hallway of my school. Or maybe I just haven’t noticed it?

Keywords: sustainable development goals; education; flanders

5.5. The FoodSmartphone project fosters well-being through innovation

Author: Ariadni Geballa-Koukoula, PhD candidate

Affiliation: Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands

When asking scientists what the goal of science is, different answers will be given. One might answer it is to unravel the mysteries of the physical world. Another could say that it is to answer the highest questions of existence. Someone else could argue that science is all those in parallel. Nonetheless, no matter what the answer is, science should act for the wider public's benefit and try to give everyone an opportunity for a better life, when relevant.

As a scientific tool, research can be used to determine the causes and solutions to challenges in life while promoting information among the scientific community and citizens. Most importantly, research can support critical decision making from policymakers in life-saving situations for human's protection through innovation. Seven years ago, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, those policymakers laid the foundations in a plan to improve everyone's lives and prospects, with the 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) acting as the compass. As described in SDG 17, the whole SDGs' plan calls for engagement and contribution from all parties and communities, from citizens to policymakers, and from investors to sectoral experts and entrepreneurs. The scientific community can work along with those goals to provide higher impact opportunities to the broader public. SDG 3; to "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages," targets, among others, to reduce the mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning. This SDG 3 sub-target can be achieved by minimizing human exposure to hazardous substances and food contaminants that risk their health, as well as a timely public warning. Moreover, SDG 9, relevant to "industry, innovation, and infrastructure," aims at endorsing scientific research and promote innovation while upgrading industrial processes [1]. These two goals are highly relevant and overlap with the scientific research conducted in the FoodSmartphone project.

FoodSmartphone project is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions program, funded by the European Union, aiming at creating more innovative and straightforward methods to detect food contaminants. Food contaminants are substances not intentionally added to food and are related to risks for consumers' health. This contamination might happen in every step of the food production and distribution line, thus jeopardizing consumers' safety [2]. As we all know, in our everyday life, to ensure our well-being, we should keep away from every health-related risk. However, what happens when we keep our distance, but the risk comes hiding straight to our plate, in every bite of crunchy cereal we eat for breakfast, or in our glass, in every sip of the refreshing beer we drink in our night out? Those risks' name is mycotoxins, which are naturally occurring toxins produced in fungi infected cereals as products of their secondary metabolism. Their toxic effects might vary depending on the type of mycotoxin, and food commodity, ranging from diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or even death in acute toxins' poisoning. Mycotoxins are often contaminants of cereal grains and products thereof, decreasing food quality and safety. It is estimated that 500 million people from developing countries, among which 160 million underaged children, are exposed to natural toxins. Moreover, mycotoxin's occurrence is a burden not only for human health but also for the economy, as the industrial and agricultural sectors lose millions of dollars each year, as mycotoxins infect 25% of crop production. For all these reasons, mycotoxins' early detection is of great importance [3]. Until today, plenty of techniques for mycotoxin detection have been developed. However, everything happens fast in the modern speedy world, from cereals' production to the market distribution and consumers' consumption. To recuperate from the market's high demands, faster and more accurate mycotoxins safety monitoring is needed.

In this research as part of the FoodSmartphone project, we aimed to combine two already well-known and used advanced techniques, namely an immunoassay and mass spectrometry, to consider things from a different and innovative look to effectively, accurately, and quickly monitor mycotoxins' occurrence. As it is said, "Innovation is taking two things that already exist and putting them together in a new way," and that is precisely what is happening in the FoodSmartphone research. As a proof of concept for developing the technique, the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was used. At first, a bioassay, namely a lateral flow immunoassay, is performed. The bioassay is an easily performed technique that gives a positive or negative readout that can be read using a smartphone, depending on the presence or absence of DON from the food sample, respectively. When the first screening result is positive, a supplementary identification lateral flow immunoassay (ID-LFIA) is performed. This ID-LFIA can isolate the mycotoxin under investigation, which later is dissociated and isolated to be analyzed with two different mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The biorecognition element of antibodies on the ID-LFIA adds to the specificity of the technique. The MS identification that follows adds to the detection's overall accuracy, leading to optimum food safety monitoring. The real challenge of such a combination lies in the two techniques' incompatibility, as the solutions used in the first hamper the detection in the second. However, the successful optimization of the detection parameters allows those two techniques to act complimentary. This output offers fast and secure food safety protocol to detect mycotoxins, and it enables us to provide safer food faster in the market and benefit everyone with non-hazardous alimentation choices [4].

Innovation goes hand in hand with a challenge, and well-being goes hand in hand with safe food options. When we combine innovation for food options, no challenge is left for our well-being. The FoodSmartphone project's innovative technique wishes to minimize the food-related risks, reserve the well-being of billions of people worldwide by providing safer food in the market and support the UN's SDGs to improve the quality of life for everyone.

References

1. United Nations. The 17 goals. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed on 12 November 2020).
2. European Commission. Contaminants. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/contaminants_en (accessed on 12 November 2020).
3. Agriopoulou, S.; Stamatelopoulou, E.; Varzakas, T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020, 9, doi:10.3390/foods9020137.
4. Geballa-Koukoula, A.; Gerssen, A.; Nielen, M.W.F. Direct analysis of lateral flow immunoassays for deoxynivalenol using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020, 412, 7547-7558, doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02890-4.

5.6. Giant viruses and safe drinking water – present and future concerns

Author: Khalil Gerballa Koukoulas^1,2,3

Affiliation:

1. Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medical Science, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
2. IHU – Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
3. MIO - Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (Institut Méditerranéen d’Océanologie), Luminy University City, Bât. Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy- Océanomed, 13009 Marseille, France

In 1943, Maslow laid the foundation for classifying human needs. Based on his classification, the non-negotiable physiological human needs of food, water, warmth, and rest are considered fundamental [1]. Seventy-seven years have passed since this theory's emergence, which has undergone additions and discussion, but the basic needs remain the same.

Year 2020, and for many groups of people worldwide, these essential goods remain privileges. Images of young children playing with luxurious amenities, juxtapose with others in muddy streets, looking for food in landfills, and searching for water in polluted bank rivers, still exist both in the developed and developing countries. Many people rely on those muddy waters for their daily water intake, from which giant viruses have been collected, with the first-ever reported just in 2003 [2]. Giant viruses do not differ from all other known viruses because they utilize a host cell for their metabolic processes, resulting in host cell degradation and eventually host cell's death. However, this new class of viruses is characterized by a bigger genome size and a larger number of encoding genes than "traditional viruses."  Besides, giant viruses require time-consuming, laborious isolation, and detection techniques as they use a host cell, mostly amoebas, as "pray."  Notably, the infection of free-leaving amoebas from giant viruses allows the latter to express a thermo-resistance mechanism and survive and thrive in harsh or in various environments, from water and soil to animals, like sheep, cattle, and rodents to even human's blood and tissue. Lastly, until today, the significant majority of the reported giant viruses have been isolated from Acanthamoeba and recently from Vermamoeba aquatic-leaving protista, and their preponderance has been collected from metagenomic sewage water samples [3].

United Nations' agenda with the primary targets of transforming our world aims to reduce social inequalities globally by establishing seventeen goals, to be reached by the year 2030. The UN's agenda sixth goal (SDG 6 – target 6.1) focuses on the basic need for clean water and sanitation. Moreover, the third goal (SDG 3 – target 3.9) is to ensure healthy lives by substantially reducing the mortality rate attributed to unsafe water and lack of hygiene. In that line, preserving and reassuring water quality is needed, not only because water consumption is essential for our survival but also because water might act as a carrier for pathogens. Water is an underrated pathway for the proliferation of many fatal diseases' carriers, making its sanitation an essential process before consumption. As with most things, anthropogenic activities are the leading cause of water pollution. Apart from finding ways of improving the quality of water by minimizing those activities, research on the carriers themselves to unveil the mysteries of their genetic material is crucial. In this way, scientists will be prepared for a potential future fight against those pathogens.

As the more recent example of SARS-COV 2 reminded us, viral diseases do not discriminate between race, economic status, nor gender, as they can potentially infect anyone. Likewise, an essential factor of viral "behavior" is the adjustment and the evolution of their genomic composition, which results in the scientific community being temporarily unable to find the treatment for the novel viral strain [4]. Various studies have reported that giant viruses found in water samples can infect human pathogens, some of which have been categorized by the world health organization as important genera to study because of their link with deadly human diseases [5]. Giant viruses' antibodies have been found in people suffering from community-acquired pneumonia [6]. Besides, viral genomic material was found in human secretions [7]. Despite those pieces of evidence, though, no conclusive link has been established between giant viruses themselves and diseases [8]. All those hints raise the question; What will happen if we ignore giant viruses' presence in some people's daily water intake, assuming they do not pose a threat?

To prepare against a potential future threat from giant viruses, we study their genomic composition, and we compare it with other already well-studied genomes. Faustoviruses and Kaumobavirus are recent Vermamoeba isolates under investigation. Using bioinformatics as a tool with comparative genomics approaches, we taxonomized those isolates as relatives of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). ASFV is known to cause high mortality rates in pork livestock, especially in developing sub-Saharan African countries, causing significant economic losses. The new isolates share some common genes with ASFVs;  however, they have a unique feature of their major capsid protein size being significantly larger than ASFV. These observations are of high importance as they triggered our interest in monitoring this specific viral clade and understanding the evolutionary path of the viruses of this clade. Additionally, all the new isolates are collected from sewage waters [9], strengthening our concerns about a potential future human threat, i.e., through a similar expression mechanism to waterborne viral disease or even indirectly, i.e., through animal consumption as it has happened with SARS-CoV-2 [4].

As Benjamin Franklin said, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Learning more about giant viruses' genome not only covers scientific curiosity, but it may prevent the emergence of a potential threat to human health. New isolates and their in silico comparative analysis might reveal a potential threat of giant viruses and protect against a potentially harmful risk.

References

1. Maslow, A.H. Motivation and Personality, 3rd ed.; Longman: London, UK, 1987.
2. La Scola, B.; Audic, S.; Robert, C.; Jungang, L.; de Lamballerie, X.; Drancourt, M.; Birtles, R.; Claverie, J.M.; Raoult D. A giant virus in amoebae. Science 2003, 299, 2033, doi: 10.1126/science.1081867.
3. Tokarz-Deptuła, B.; Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P.; Czupryńska, P.; Deptuła, W. Protozoal giant viruses: agents potentially infectious to humans and animals. Virus Genes 2019, 55;5, doi: 1007/s11262-019-01684-w
4. Fani, M.; Teimoori, A.; & Ghafari, S. Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-Cov-2) pathogenesis with SARS-Cov and MERS-Cov infections. Future Virology 2020, 15;5, 317-323, doi:10.2217/fvl-2020-0050
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5.7. Green Engineering for UN SDGs

Author: Jesus Esteban Serrano

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