Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Susheel Verma
 + 1113 word(s) 1113 2021-01-08 08:00:08 |
2 format correct
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1113 2021-01-12 08:41:31 | |
3 format correct
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1113 2021-01-12 08:48:25 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Verma, S. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6303 (accessed on 18 November 2024).
Verma S. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6303. Accessed November 18, 2024.
Verma, Susheel. "Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6303 (accessed November 18, 2024).
Verma, S. (2021, January 12). Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6303
Verma, Susheel. "Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 January, 2021.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/plants9121644

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Orchidaceae) is a perennial herb inhabiting sub-alpine to alpine regions, ranging at elevations between 2500 and 5000 m.a.s.l. With palmately lobed rhizome and lanceolate leaves having a sheathing leaf base, it bears pink flowers with purple-colored notches and a curved spur.

antibiotic resistance,Dactylorhiza hatagirea

1. Introduction

The Himalayas, extending into the Indian sub-continent, are considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity. Harboring 17,500 species of plants, modern and traditional medical practices (ayurveda, unani, and siddha) make use of almost 6000 of them [1][2]. They represent a remarkable contribution to the pharmaceutical field. Their trade in India is projected to be an estimated USD 1 billion per year [3][4]. Contributing indispensable raw material (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, etc.) for use in the formulation of different drugs, the demand for plants with ethnomedicinal importance has lately shown a surge, with wider employment in pharmaceutical practices. Aimed at maintaining individuals’ health, plant-derived substances (PDSs) such as taxanes, taxol, and cepholomannine from Taxus brevifolia Nutt. [5], diphyllin from Diphylleia grayi F. Schmidt [6], jatrophane from Euphorbia semiperfoliata Viv. [7], thymo-quinone and dithymoquinone from Nigella sativa l. [8] vinblastine from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, and others play a pivotal role in curing different diseases. The use of PDSs in disorders such as memory loss, osteoporosis, and age-related problems along with their function in boosting the immune system has broadened their potential in terms of use in modern healthcare systems [9].

As a preferable alternative to semi-synthetic drugs, natural products of plant origin are promoted as potential options for safer medicines and other life-saving drugs. The pharmaceutical use of medicinal plants with negligible side effects presents the possibility of their widespread application in mitigating the large fatalities associated with different deadly diseases [10]. Presently, plant species such as Dactylorhiza hatagirea provide an exemplary model for studying orchids as part of their ethnopharmacological properties and therapeutic applications. Owing to its immense significance in clinical research and drug discovery, the plant (tubers, leaves) has been used to study its potential to induce anti-inflammatory [11], anti-pyretic [12], anti-cancerous [13], neuropharmacological [14], and other effects. In the context of global health concerns, this medicinally important herb has broadly been used in the evaluation of its ethnopharmacological applications towards validating its efficacy and efficiency for use in combatting different diseases. The present study puts forth a summary of information on the botany, taxonomy, chemistry, and ethnopharmacology of D. hatagirea. As overexploitation of the plant for use in pharmaceutics has drastically reduced its populations and has brought it under threat, a section of the manuscript is dedicated to approaches adopted for its conservation and long-term survival in its natural habitat.

Methodology

The article covers the literature available from 1984 to 2020. The information was located, selected, and extracted from scientific journals, books, thesis, and reports via library and electronic search (PubMed and other search engines). Documentation of the available information from the literature helped in drafting different sections of the manuscript, such as morphology, taxonomy, and others, along with ethnopharmacological uses that depict its importance in the present day.

2. Orchids in Medicine: Special Reference to D. hatagirea

Orchidaceae is a family of angiosperms with around 25,000–35,000 species and 800 genera [15]. Orchids received their recognition through herbal writings from Japan and China [16]. The Chinese were the first to cultivate and describe their use in the healthcare system [17]. Orchids such as Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata from Taiwan [18], Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr. from China [19], Bulbophyllum kwangtungense Schltr. from Japan [20], Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (J.E. Sm.) Lindl. from Thailand [21], Calanthe discolour Lindl. from Korea and Malaysia [22], Catasetum barbatum Lindl. from Guianas, Japan and Paraguay [23], Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. from Tibet [24], Cypripedium macranthos Sw. from Mexico, Guatemala, and Colombia [25], Dendrobrium sp. from China, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia [26], Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. from Spain [27], Maxillaria densa Lindl. from Mexico [28], Nidema boothii (Lindl.) Schltr. from Malaysia [29], Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. from Trinidad and Tobago, and Vanda tessellate (Roxb.) ex G. Don from India, Sri Lanka, and Burma [30] have made a significant impact, as their derivates (crude extracts as well as secondary metabolites) are used to treat various diseases.

Orchids are recognized throughout the world for the production of compounds used in the treatment of different diseases. In India, 1141 species belonging to 166 genera of orchids have been reported [31]. Here, the use of orchids in medicinal practices dates back to Vedic times. In addition, some members of Orchidaceae family are used to treat nerve disorders, fever, bone fractures, general weakness, tuberculosis, and other dermal problems [32][33]. D. hatagirea finds its use in a wide array of medicinal practices [34]. As per the published records, D. hatagirea is used for the treatment of amala pitta (gastritis), madhya bhangaasthi (bone fracture), jvara (fever), vajikarana (erectile dysfunction), haima (cold), bhishajyati (wound healing), and ayurdamah (nerve tonic). With the growing research in the biopharmaceutical and drug industry, extraction of the secondary metabolites and antioxidants from this plant has increased its demand [35].

3. Morphological and Anatomical Features of D. hatagirea

D. hatagirea, an important medicinal herb belonging to the Orchidaceae family, is commonly known as Himalayan marsh orchid [36]. It is a perennial herb confined to alpine regions at an elevation of 2500–5000 m.a.s.l. [37][38]. D. hatagirea bears slightly flattened, 3–7-fingered, palmately lobed, creamish-colored, tuberous roots measuring 5–12 ± 3.3 cm in length. The peduncle is generally 27–41 ± 6.7 cm tall. Leaves are acuminate or apex obtuse, linear-lanceolate to oblong clustered and sub-opposite towards base. Flowers grow in dense spike inflorescences and are zygomorphic, having fused male and female reproductive organs (a condition referred to as gynostemium, column, or gynostegium) (Figure 1). Flowers are pink, bearing purple-colored notches with six free perianth segments. The innermost segment forms an enlarged, pink-colored and sculptured labellum, which acts a resting pad for the pollinators, while the rest of the segments are similar in shape and form. Flowers show resupination at 180°, which brings the labellum perpendicular to the ovary. Flowers bear two dark green-colored pollinaria covered inside the anther cap. Each pollinarium bears a central sterile axis which combines with the pale yellow-colored caudicle (stalk). Caudicles at the upper side are separated by rostellum; however, at their base, they are joined by a sticky structure known as retinacula or viscidia. The ovary is tricarpellate, inferior, twisted and consists of one chamber with parietal placentation, having a large mass of ovules. Fruits are loculicidal capsules and minute seeds are generally liberated as immature embryos at the globular stage.

Plants 09 01644 g001 550

Figure 1. Progressive developmental stages of D. hatagirea: (A) inflorescence showing acropetal arrangement of flowers, (B) floral structure, (C) pollinarium bearing large number of pollen grain tetrads (captured on Nikon Eclipse 80 Fluorescence microscope at 10× magnification), (D) vertical section of trilocular ovary (captured on Nikon-C-FLED2 Stereo zoom at 10 × 1.7× magnification), (E) ovules (captured on Nikon-C-FLED2 Stereo zoom at 10 × 3.9× magnification), (F) fruit formation, (G) immature seeds (captured on Nikon-C-FLED2 Stereo zoom at 10 × 2.8× magnification), (H) tubers.

References

  1. Schipmann, U.; Leaman, D.J.; Cunningham, A.B. Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of Medicinal Plants on Biodiversity: Global Trends and Issues. In Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2002; pp. 1–21. [Google Scholar]
  2. Prajapati, N.D.; Purohit, S.S.; Sharma, A.K.; Kumar, T. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants; Agrobios Publisher: Jodhpur, India, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  3. Malik, A.R.; Siddique, M.A.A.; Sofi, P.A.; Butola, J.S. Ethnomedicnal practices and conservation status of medicinal plants of North Kashmir Himalayas. Res. J. Med. Plant 2011, 5, 515–530. [Google Scholar]
  4. Joshi, K.; Chavan, P.; Warude, D. Molecular markers in herbal drug technology. Curr. Sci. 2009, 87, 159–165. [Google Scholar]
  5. Prota, A.E.; Bargsten, K.; Zurwerra, D.; Field, J.J.; Díaz, J.F.; Altmann, K.-H.; Steinmetz, M.O. Molecular mechanism of action of microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agents. Science 2013, 339, 587–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Cragg, G.M.; Newman, D.J. Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 100, 72–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Chavan, S.S.; Damale, M.G.; Shamkuwar, P.B.; Pawar, D. Traditional medicinal plants for anticancer activity. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 2013, 5, 4. [Google Scholar]
  8. Govind, P. Some important anticancer herbs: A review. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2011, 2, 45–52. [Google Scholar]
  9. Bashir, A.; Singh, C.; Chauhan, N.; Rani, A. A review: Ethnobotanical studiy on medicinal plants of Kargil district, Ladakh, India. J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res. 2018, 5, 181–196. [Google Scholar]
  10. Dar, R.A.; Shahnawaz, M.; Qazi, P.H. General overview of medicinal plants: A review. J. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 349–351. [Google Scholar]
  11. Sharma, S.; Jain, P.K.; Parkhe, G. Extraction, phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro ethanolic extracts of roots of D. hatagirea. J. Drug. Discov. Ther. 2020, 19, 86–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Sirohi, B.; Sagar, R. Antipyretic activity of hydroalcholic extract of D. hatagirea roots and Lavandula stoechas flowers on Brewers yeast induced Pyrexia in Wistar rats. J. Drug. Discov. Ther. 2019, 9, 701–704. [Google Scholar]
  13. Popli, D.; Sood, H. Optimization of Liquid Media for Increasing The Biomass of Dactylorhiza Hatagirea; JUIT: Waknaghat, India, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  14. Sirohi, B.; Sagar, R. Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of D. hatagirea Roots & Lavandula Stoechas Flower on Thiopental Sodium Induced Hypnosis in Mice. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2019, 9, 414–417. [Google Scholar]
  15. Hossain, M.M. Therapeutic orchids: Traditional uses and recent advances-An overview. Fitoterapia 2011, 82, 102–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Reinikka, M.A. A History of the Orchid; Portland Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA, 1995; Volume 23. [Google Scholar]
  17. Jalal, J.S.; Kumar, P.; Pangtey, Y. Ethnomedicinal Orchids of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. Ethnobot. Leafl. 2008, 12, 1–5. [Google Scholar]
  18. Satish, M.N.; Abhay, P.S.; Chen-Yue, L.; Chao-Lin, K.; Hsin-Sheng, T. Studies on tissue culture of Chinese medicinal plant resources in Taiwan and their sustainable utilization. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 2003, 44, 79–98. [Google Scholar]
  19. Lin, Y.L.; Chen, W.P.; Macabalang, A.D. Dihydrophenanthrenes from Bletilla formosana. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 1111–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Wu, B.; He, S.; Pan, Y.J. New dihydrodibenzoxepins from Bulbophyllum kwangtungense. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 1244–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Chen, Y.; Xu, J.; Yut, H.; Qin, C.W.; Zhangt, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. Bulbophyllum Odoratissimum 3,7-Dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenanthrene. J. Korean Chem. Soc. 2007, 51, 352–355. [Google Scholar]
  22. Yoshikawa, M.; Murakami, T.; Kishi, A.; Sakurama, T.; Matsuda, H.; Nomura, M.; Matsuda, H.; Kubo, M. Novel indole S,O-bisdesmoside, calanthoside, the precursor glycoside of tryptanthrin, indirubin, and isatin, with increasing skin blood flow promoting effects, from two Calanthe species (Orchidaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46, 886–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Shimizu, M.; Shogawa, H.; Hayashi, T.; Arisawa, M.; Suzuki, S.; Yoshizaki, M.; Morita, N.; Ferro, E.; Basualdo, I.; Berganza, L.H. Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. III. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Paraguayan crude drug “Tamandá cuná” (Catasetum barbatum LINDLE). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 4447–4452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Zhang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, G.; Zhang, J. Dactylorhin B reduces toxic effects of beta-amyloid fragment (25–35) on neuron cells and isolated rat brain mitochondria. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2006, 374, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Shimura, H.; Matsuura, M.; Takada, N.; Koda, Y. An antifungal compound involved in symbiotic germination of Cypripedium macranthos var. rebunense (Orchidaceae). Phytochemistry 2007, 68, 1442–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Ho, C.K.; Chen, C.C. Moscatilin from the orchid Dendrobrium loddigesii is a potential anticancer agent. Cancer Investig. 2003, 21, 729–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Olof, T.C. Survival and flowering of some perennial herbs II. The behaviour of some orchids on permanent plots. Oikos 1972, 23, 23–28. [Google Scholar]
  28. Deciga-Campos, M.; Palacios-Espinosa, J.F.; Reyes-Ramirez, A.; Mata, R. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of compounds isolated from Scaphyglottis livida and Maxillaria densa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 5, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Hernandez-Romero, Y.; Rojas, J.I.; Castillo, R.; Rojas, A.; Mata, R. Spasmolytic effects, mode of action, and structure-activity relationships of stilbenoids from Nidema boothii. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 160–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Suresh, P.K.; Subramoniam, A.; Pushpangadan, P. Aphodisiac activity of Vanda tessellata. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2000, 32, 300–304. [Google Scholar]
  31. Chang, Y.Y.; Chiu, Y.F.; Wu, J.W.; Yang, C.H. Four orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey) AP1/AGL9-like MADS box genes show novel expression patterns and cause different effects on floral transition and formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50, 1425–1438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kant, R.; Verma, J.; Thakur, K. Distribution pattern, survival threats and conservation of ‘Astavarga’ Orchids in Himachal Pradesh, North-West Himalaya. Plant Arch. 2012, 1, 165–168. [Google Scholar]
  33. Sut, S.; Maggi, F.; Acqua, S.D. Bioactive secondary metabolites from orchids (Orchidaceae). Chem. Biodivers. 2017, 14, e1700172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Chauhan, N.S. Medicinal orchids of Himachal Pradesh. J. Orchid Soc. India 1990, 4, 99–105. [Google Scholar]
  35. Thakur, M.; Dixit, V.K. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Ameliorative Effect Dactylorhiza Hatagirea on Sexual Dysfunction in Hyperglycemic Male Rats Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Dr. H.S. Gour University: Sagar, India, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  36. Polunin, O.; Stainton, A. Flowers of the Himalaya New Delhi; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1984; pp. 37–41. [Google Scholar]
  37. Bhatt, A.; Joshi, S.K.; Gairola, S. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo-a west Himalayan Orchid in peril. Curr. Sci. 2005, 89, 610–612. [Google Scholar]
  38. Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti. The Orchid of Nepal. In Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti and Rita Ale; Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti: Beijing, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Susheel Verma
View Times: 650
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 12 Jan 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback