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Peng, Y. Nonribosomal Peptide. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61465 (accessed on 12 November 2026).
Peng Y. Nonribosomal Peptide. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61465. Accessed November 12, 2026.
Peng, Yu. "Nonribosomal Peptide" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61465 (accessed November 12, 2026).
Peng, Y. (2026, October 25). Nonribosomal Peptide. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61465
Peng, Yu. "Nonribosomal Peptide." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 October, 2026.

Nonribosomal Peptide

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Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) constitute a class of peptide secondary metabolites distinguished by their biosynthetic origin outside the ribosomal machinery, being assembled by dedicated multimodular enzyme systems rather than translated from a messenger RNA template. This nonribosomal origin confers upon NRPs a defining structural freedom: their monomeric building blocks are not restricted to the 21 proteinogenic amino acids but extend to a vast repertoire of nonproteinogenic residues, including D-amino acids, hydroxy acids, aryl acids, and other non-canonical units [1][2]. The structural consequences of this freedom are substantial. NRPs frequently adopt cyclic or branched architectures, contain non-standard peptide bonds and modified side chains, and exhibit a degree of structural complexity—encompassing macrocyclic rings, heterocyclic elements, and diverse tailoring modifications—that far exceeds the range accessible to ribosomal peptides [2][3]. The term encompasses a pharmacologically significant array of compounds, including glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin, lipopeptides such as daptomycin, immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, antitumor agents such as bleomycin, and siderophores such as enterobactin [4][5]. Within the taxonomy of microbial natural products and biosynthesis, NRPs are defined as ribosome-independent peptide natural products whose structural diversity and biological activity derive from the incorporation of nonproteinogenic building blocks and from extensive post-assembly modification, rather than from direct gene-encoded translation [1][2].

nonribosomal peptides NRPS adenylation domains peptidyl carrier proteins
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References

  1. Christopher T. Walsh; Robert V. O'BRien; Chaitan Khosla; Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid Building Blocks for Nonribosomal Peptide and Hybrid Polyketide Scaffolds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7098-7124. [CrossRef]
  2. Dirk Schwarzer; Robert Finking; Mohamed A. Marahiel; Nonribosomal peptides: from genes to products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2003, 20, 275-287. [CrossRef]
  3. Jinping Yang; Adam Balutowski; Megan Trivedi; Timothy A. Wencewicz; Chemical Logic of Peptide Branching by Iterative Nonlinear Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases. Biochemistry 2025, 64, 719-734. [CrossRef]
  4. Roderich D Süssmuth; Roderich D.; Andi Mainz; Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis—Principles and Prospects. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 3770-3821. [CrossRef]
  5. Matthieu Duban; Stéphane Cociancich; Valérie Leclère; Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis Definitely Working Out of the Rules. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 577. [CrossRef]
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Subjects: Chemistry, Organic
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Yu Peng
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Update Date: 25 Oct 2026
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